{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T17:39:22Z","timestamp":1793122762612,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746748800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Danish Research Council","award":["9040-00248B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9040-00248B"]}]},{"name":"UK Seafood Innovation Fund","award":["9040-00248B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9040-00248B"]}]},{"name":"the Helmholtz Foundation through the research program \u201cChanging Earth\u2014Sustaining our Future\u201d","award":["9040-00248B"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["9040-00248B"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Phytoplankton are single-celled microorganisms with short generation times that may comprise high diversity in genetic and phenotypic traits, allowing them to acclimate to changes rapidly. High intraspecific genetic variation is well known in phytoplankton, but less is known about variation in physiological traits. To investigate variability and plasticity in genetic, morphological, and physiological traits of the toxigenic diatom genus Pseudo-nitzschia in a global warming scenario, we exposed 40 strains of the cold-water P. seriata to different temperatures (2 \u00b0C, 6 \u00b0C and 10 \u00b0C). The maximum growth rate and cellular toxin content showed extensive intraspecific variation, whereas morphological and genetic variation was minor. Thermal reaction norms showed a general increase in growth rate with increasing temperature; however, three distinct types of thermal responses were found among the 40 strains. All 40 strains contained toxins (domoic acid) in both exponential and stationary growth phase, and toxin content increased significantly with temperature. Most strains (&gt;87%) contained measurable levels of domoic acid at all three temperatures. In conclusion, P. seriata shows extensive intraspecific variation in measured physiological traits like growth and toxin content, a variation exceeding the response of each strain to increases in temperature. Intraspecific variation in harmful species thus needs attention for the future understanding of food web dynamics, as well as the management and forecasting of harmful blooms.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17050235","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]],"date-time":"2025-05-09T06:18:51Z","timestamp":1746771531000},"page":"235","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Extensive Variation in Thermal Responses and Toxin Content Among 40 Strains of the Cold-Water Diatom Pseudo-nitzschia seriata\u2014In a Global Warming Context"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Caroline","family":"Weber","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna Junker","family":"Olesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert G.","family":"Hatfield","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, The Nothe, Barrack Road, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Krock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chemische \u00d6kologie, Alfred Wegener Institut-Helmholtz Zentrum f\u00fcr Polar-und Meeresforschung, Am Handelshafen 12, 27570 Bremerhaven, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2035-1997","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Lundholm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural History Museum of Denmark, University of Copenhagen, \u00d8ster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen K, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1126\/science.281.5374.237","article-title":"Primary production of the biosphere: Integrating terrestrial and ocean components","volume":"281","author":"Field","year":"1998","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yool, A., and Tyrell, T. 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