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Project","award":["32001849"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32001849"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Education\u2014Science and Technology Project","award":["D17014"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D17014"]}]},{"name":"Jilin Provincial Department of Education\u2014Science and Technology Project","award":["JJKH20230407KJ"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JJKH20230407KJ"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Ustilaginoidin D is a type of bis-naphtho-\u03b3-pyrone mycotoxin produced by Ustilaginoidea virens, the causal agent of rice false smut. Although previous studies have demonstrated the inhibitory effect of ustilaginoidin D on ATP synthesis and cancer cell growth in mice, its specific health risks remain unclear. Here, we reveal that ustilaginoidin D is highly toxic to mice with an LD50 value of 213 mg \/kg\u00b7bw. Dose-dependent weight loss and liver damage were observed, accompanied by altered markers of liver cell damage, including the enzyme activities of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and the content of glutathione in mouse liver. RNA-seq analysis of liver tissues from mice treated with 150 mg of ustilaginoidin D\/kg\u00b7bw identified significant changes in gene expression profiles, with differentially expressed genes enriched in cancer-related pathways, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and metabolic pathways. RT-qPCR data are highly consistent with transcriptome analysis in expression profiles of 22 chemical-carcinogenesis-associated genes. These findings indicate that ustilaginoidin D induces acute toxicity and liver dysfunction in mice, raising serious concerns about its threat to human health.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17050250","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:37:13Z","timestamp":1747633033000},"page":"250","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Ustilaginoidin D Induces Acute Toxicity and Hepatotoxicity in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9665-5973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"},{"name":"Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou 571101, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolong","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangxiang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"Yunnan Key Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9980-2999","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zulqar Nain","family":"Dara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lingjing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, 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China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8668-4842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ling","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenxian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Management of Crop Pests and Diseases, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China"},{"name":"College of Plant Protection and the Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS-94-5-0570","article-title":"Effect of furrow irrigation on the severity of false smut in susceptible rice varieties","volume":"94","author":"Brooks","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-010820-012908","article-title":"Ustilaginoidea virens: Insights into an emerging rice pathogen","volume":"58","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. 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