{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:46Z","timestamp":1787030086334,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]],"date-time":"2025-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747440000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"USDA, National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA)","award":["67015-31301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["67015-31301"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fescue toxicosis (FT) is a mycotoxin-related disease caused by the ingestion of tall fescue, naturally infected with the ergot alkaloid (EA)-producing endophyte Epichlo\u00eb coenophiala. Some grazing on endophyte-free (E\u2212) or non-toxic (NT), commercial endophyte-infected pastures takes place in the US as well. Earlier, we found that grazing on toxic fescue with low levels of EAs during fall affects thermoregulation, behavior, and weight gain. Building on these findings, the current study aimed to investigate how the presence of low EA-producing E+ or NT endophytes can influence animal metabolome, microbiome, and, ultimately, overall animal health. Eighteen Angus steers were placed on NT, E+, and E\u2212 fescue pastures for 28 days. Urine, rumen fluid (RF), rumen solid (RS), and feces were collected pre-exposure, and on days 2, 7, 14, 21, and 28. An untargeted high-resolution metabolomics approach was used to analyze urine and RF, while 16S rRNA-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to examine RF, RS, feces, and fescue plant microbiomes. While alpha- or beta-microbiota diversity across all analyzed matrices were unaffected, there were specific effects of E+ on the relative abundance of some taxa (i.e., Prevotellaceae). Additionally, E+ grazing impacted aromatic amino acid metabolism in the urine and the metabolism of lipids in both the RF and urine. In both matrices, trace amine-related metabolic features differed markedly between E+ and the other groups. Compared to the endophyte-free group, endophyte presence, whether novel or toxic, influenced amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism, as well as unsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis. These findings suggest that low-EA-producing and non-toxic endophytes in fescue have more prominent effects on the metabolome than the microbiome, and this metabolome perturbation might be associated with decreased performance and reported physiological signs of FT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17050251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,19]],"date-time":"2025-05-19T05:37:13Z","timestamp":1747633033000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Impact of Low-Level Ergot Alkaloids and Endophyte Presence in Tall Fescue Grass on the Metabolome and Microbiome of Fall-Grazing Steers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ignacio M.","family":"Llada","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1479-0528","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeferson M.","family":"Lourenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison M.","family":"Dycus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4670-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachery R.","family":"Jarrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean P.","family":"Jones","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6170-711X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Garret","family":"Suen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, College of Agriculture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolay M.","family":"Filipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7083057","article-title":"Review on mycotoxin issues in ruminants: Occurrence in forages, effects of mycotoxin ingestion on health status and animal performance and practical strategies to counteract their negative effects","volume":"7","author":"Gallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S99","DOI":"10.1086\/342161","article-title":"Evolutionary origins and ecological consequences of endophyte symbiosis with grasses","volume":"160","author":"Clay","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. 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