{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,13]],"date-time":"2026-03-13T07:51:00Z","timestamp":1773388260173,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748476800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Shandong Province, China","award":["2023TZXD038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TZXD038"]}]},{"name":"Key R&amp;D Program of Shandong Province, China","award":["2662023DKPY002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662023DKPY002"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2023TZXD038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TZXD038"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2662023DKPY002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662023DKPY002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Sichuan Chelota Biotech Corporation Limited","award":["2023TZXD038"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TZXD038"]}]},{"name":"Sichuan Chelota Biotech Corporation Limited","award":["2662023DKPY002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2662023DKPY002"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clostridium perfringens is a major cause of necrotizing enteritis in chickens. This study aimed to investigate the effects of zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO-QDs) on growth performance, redox status, and gut microbiota in broilers challenged with C. perfringens. A total of 320 1-day-old chicks were divided into five groups: negative control (NC) without treatment; positive control (PC) infected with C. perfringens; and the other three groups (40, 80, and 120 Zn) were given ZnO-QDs at doses of 40, 80, and 120 mg\/kg, respectively, under C. perfringens infection, respectively. The results show that, compared to the NC group, the PC group exhibited negative effects on growth performance, intestinal morphology, and antioxidant status in broilers. However, compared to the PC group, 120 mg Zn increased (p &lt; 0.05) the body weight of broilers at 21 days, while 40 mg Zn reduced (p &lt; 0.05) serum diamine oxidase activity. The intestinal macroscopic evaluation showed that the PC group had the highest lesion scores, whereas the 120 mg Zn group exhibited the lowest lesion score. Meanwhile, compared to the PC group, the 40 mg Zn group had higher (p &lt; 0.05) CAT and GPX activities and a lower (p &lt; 0.05) MDA concentration. Moreover, the 40 mg Zn group up-regulated (p &lt; 0.05) the gene expression of Cathelicidin-1, IL-10, Claudin-1, and MLCK in the jejunum. Furthermore, the 120 mg Zn group increased (p &lt; 0.05) the abundance of Blautia, Parasutterella, and Lachnospiraceae FCS020 in the cecum. In conclusion, ZnO-QDs exerted a beneficial effect on improving growth performance and overall health in broilers under C. perfringens infection, potentially by regulating redox balance and gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17060272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]],"date-time":"2025-05-29T06:25:04Z","timestamp":1748499904000},"page":"272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Dietary Supplementation of Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots Protective Against Clostridium perfringens Induced Negative Effects in Broilers"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"},{"name":"Zhongke Jichuang New Material Technology Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qin-Jian","family":"Niu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hao-Hua","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Xuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu-Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yantai Longda Breeding Co., Ltd., Yantai 265209, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alainaa","family":"Refaie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lv-Hui","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhang-Chao","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Key Laboratory of Smart Farming Technology for Agricultural Animals of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, K.W., and Lillehoj, H.S. (2021). Role of Clostridium perfringens Necrotic Enteritis B-like Toxin in Disease Pathogenesis. Vaccines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10010061"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Caly, D.L., D\u2019Inca, R., Auclair, E., and Drider, D. (2015). Alternatives to Antibiotics to Prevent Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: A Microbiologist\u2019s Perspective. Front. Microbiol., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2015.01336"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1017\/S0043933917000058","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis; current knowledge and diet-related mitigation","volume":"73","author":"Broom","year":"2017","journal-title":"World Poult. Sci. J."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Emami, N.K., Calik, A., White, M.B., Young, M., and Dalloul, R.A. (2019). Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: The Role of Tight Junctions and Mucosal Immune Responses in Alleviating the Effect of the Disease. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7080231"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00062-12","article-title":"Toxin plasmids of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2023.08.012","article-title":"Necrotic enteritis and antibiotic-free production of broiler chickens: Challenges in testing and using alternative products","volume":"16","author":"Moore","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1929","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey082","article-title":"An optimist\u2019s view on limiting necrotic enteritis and maintaining broiler gut health and performance in today\u2019s marketing, food safety, and regulatory climate","volume":"97","author":"Hofacre","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.10.030","article-title":"Poultry Nutrition: Achievement, Challenge, and Strategy","volume":"154","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0767-3","article-title":"Dietary Zinc Oxide Modulates Antioxidant Capacity, Small Intestine Development, and Jejunal Gene Expression in Weaned Piglets","volume":"175","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1760","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731115001329","article-title":"Low doses of microencapsulated zinc oxide improve performance and modulate the ileum architecture, inflammatory cytokines and tight junctions expression of weaned pigs","volume":"9","author":"Grilli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5158","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-020-09888-6","article-title":"Comparative effects of zinc oxide and zinc oxide nanoparticle as feed additives on growth, feed choice test, tissue residues, and histopathological changes in broiler chickens","volume":"28","author":"Radi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez093","article-title":"Effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles on growth performance and concentrations of malondialdehyde, zinc in tissues, and corticosterone in broiler chickens under heat stress conditions","volume":"98","author":"Ramiah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4020","DOI":"10.1021\/la104825u","article-title":"Size-dependent bacterial growth inhibition and mechanism of antibacterial activity of zinc oxide nanoparticles","volume":"27","author":"Raghupathi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.01012.x","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ZnO nanoparticle suspensions on a broad spectrum of microorganisms","volume":"279","author":"Jones","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S235","DOI":"10.1007\/s10856-008-3548-5","article-title":"Role of size scale of ZnO nanoparticles and microparticles on toxicity toward bacteria and osteoblast cancer cells","volume":"20","author":"Nair","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Med."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2018.03.008","article-title":"Mechanistic study on antibacterial action of zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized using green route","volume":"286","author":"Happy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"1190","article-title":"ZnO quantum dots a novel nanomaterial for various applications: Recent advances and challenges","volume":"59","year":"2022","journal-title":"Indian J. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505104","DOI":"10.1088\/1361-6528\/ac2846","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of ZnO quantum dots and its protective effects of chicks infected withSalmonella pullorum","volume":"32","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnology"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, L., Ruan, M.L., Zhang, B.B., Gong, G.X., Li, X.W., Refaie, A., Sun, L.-H., and Deng, Z.-C. (2024). Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots on Growth Performance and Gut Health in Broilers. Biol. Trace Elem. Res.","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04371-6"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S498672","article-title":"Microwave-Assisted Synthesized ZnO@APTES Quantum Dots Exhibits Potent Antibacterial Efficacy Against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus without Inducing Resistance","volume":"20","author":"Du","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuw007","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide modification in Gram-negative bacteria during chronic infection","volume":"40","author":"Maldonado","year":"2016","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mak, P.H.W., Rehman, M.A., Kiarie, E.G., Topp, E., and Diarra, M.S. (2022). Production systems and important antimicrobial resistant-pathogenic bacteria in poultry: A review. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-022-00786-0"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.01.047","article-title":"Association of plasma diamine oxidase and intestinal fatty acid-binding protein with severity of disease in patient with heat stroke","volume":"33","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2020.09.082","article-title":"Evaluation of the efficacy of chlorogenic acid in reducing small intestine injury, oxidative stress, and inflammation in chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens type A","volume":"99","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4339","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/sky292","article-title":"Dietary cysteamine hydrochloride protects against oxidation, inflammation, and mucosal barrier disruption of broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens","volume":"96","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, Z., Zhang, T., Chen, Y., Zhou, X., Zhong, Y., Liu, H., Zhong, Z., Hu, Y., Liao, F., and Wang, X. (2023). Zinc Oxide Quantum Dots May Provide a Novel Potential Treatment for Antibiotic-Resistant Streptococcus agalactiae in Lama glama. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28135115"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0058-8","article-title":"Antimicrobial host defence peptides: Functions and clinical potential","volume":"19","author":"Mookherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10957","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-012-1997-x","article-title":"Cathelicidins: Family of antimicrobial peptides. A review","volume":"39","author":"Kosciuczuk","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2013-03575","article-title":"Effect of supplementing direct-fed microbials on broiler performance, nutrient digestibilities, and immune responses","volume":"93","author":"Waititu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2004.01939.x","article-title":"Differential cytokine mRNA expression in heterophils isolated from Salmonella-resistant and -susceptible chickens","volume":"113","author":"Swaggerty","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9275-9","article-title":"The Effects of Direct-fed Microbial Supplementation, as an Alternative to Antibiotics, on Growth Performance, Intestinal Immune Status, and Epithelial Barrier Gene Expression in Broiler Chickens","volume":"9","author":"Gadde","year":"2017","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6259","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.25.14.6259-6266.2005","article-title":"Inhibiting myosin light chain kinase induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo","volume":"25","author":"Fazal","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"1","article-title":"Strategies to modulate the intestinal microbiota and their effects on nutrient utilization, performance, and health of poultry","volume":"10","author":"Yadav","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ani. Sci. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2016.03.007","article-title":"Lipocalin 2 Protects from Inflammation and Tumorigenesis Associated with Gut Microbiota Alterations","volume":"19","author":"Moschen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parker, B.J., Wearsch, P.A., Veloo, A.C.M., and Rodriguez-Palacios, A. (2020). The Genus Alistipes: Gut Bacteria with Emerging Implications to Inflammation, Cancer, and Mental Health. Front. Immunol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00906"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1875796","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1875796","article-title":"Blautia-a new functional genus with potential probiotic properties?","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.4110\/in.2014.14.6.277","article-title":"Gut microbiota-derived short-chain Fatty acids, T cells, and inflammation","volume":"14","author":"Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Immune Netw."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, D.F., Huang, W.C., Wu, C.W., Huang, C.Y., Yang, Y.C.S.H., and Tung, Y.T. (2023). Acute sleep deprivation exacerbates systemic inflammation and psychiatry disorders through gut microbiota dysbiosis and disruption of circadian rhythms. Microbiol. Res., 268.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2022.127292"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2021.06.009","article-title":"Dietary ferulic acid and vanillic acid on inflammation, gut barrier function and growth performance in lipopolysaccharide-challenged piglets","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Du, E., Gan, L., Li, Z., Wang, W., Liu, D., and Guo, Y. (2015). In vitro antibacterial activity of thymol and carvacrol and their effects on broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 6.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-015-0055-7"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jiec.2018.01.013","article-title":"Antibacterial activity by ZnO nanorods and ZnO nanodisks: A model used to illustrate \u201cNanotoxicity Threshold\u201d","volume":"62","author":"Orou","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Ind. Eng. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, S., Wang, P., Shi, X., and Tan, H. (2021). Inhibitory properties of Chinese Herbal Formula SanHuang decoction on biofilm formation by antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcal strains. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86647-8"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.07.090","article-title":"A dual antibacterial mechanism involved in membrane disruption and DNA binding of 2R,3R-dihydromyricetin from pine needles of Cedrus deodara against Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"218","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2008.12.004","article-title":"Characterisation of copper oxide nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications","volume":"33","author":"Ren","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1002\/aro2.51","article-title":"Tannic acid extracted from gallnut improves intestinal health with regulation of redox homeostasis and gut microbiota of weaned piglets","volume":"2","author":"Deng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Res. One Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2012.684089","article-title":"Xylanase supplementation to a wheat-based diet alleviated the intestinal mucosal barrier impairment of broiler chickens challenged by Clostridium perfringens","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1798","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-024-04300-7","article-title":"Evaluating the Impact of an Organic Trace Mineral mix on the Redox Homeostasis, Immunity, and Performance of Sows and their Offspring","volume":"203","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, M., Li, X.W., Sun, H., Yan, Y.Q., Xia, Z.Y., Refaie, A., Zhang, N.-Y., Wang, S., Tan, C., and Sun, L.-H. (2025). T-2 toxin-induced splenic injury by disrupting the gut microbiota-spleen axis via promoting IL-6\/JAK\/STAT1 signaling-mediated inflammation and apoptosis and its mitigation by elemental nano-selenium. Arch. Toxicol.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-025-04005-3"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eadj4122","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adj4122","article-title":"Loss of SELENOW aggravates muscle loss with regulation of protein synthesis and the ubiquitin-proteasome system","volume":"10","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.12.021","article-title":"Optimum Doses and Forms of Selenium Maintaining Reproductive Health via Regulating Homeostasis of Gut Microbiota and Testicular Redox, Inflammation, Cell Proliferation, and Apoptosis in Roosters","volume":"154","author":"Yan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"fastp: An ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: A versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e85","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.85","article-title":"OmicStudio: A composable bioinformatics cloud platform with real-time feedback that can generate high-quality graphs for publication","volume":"2","author":"Lyu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Imeta"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3373","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.10.017","article-title":"Heat Stress Impairs Male Reproductive System with Potential Disruption of Retinol Metabolism and Microbial Balance in the Testis of Mice","volume":"153","author":"Cao","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng, J., Peng, Z., Xia, Z., Mo, Y., Guo, L., Wei, J., Sun, L., and Liu, M. (2025). Five glutathione S-transferase isozymes played crucial role in the detoxification of aflatoxin B1 in chicken liver. J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01189-7"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/6\/272\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:42:59Z","timestamp":1760031779000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/6\/272"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]},"references-count":56,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins17060272"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17060272","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,29]]}}}