{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T09:58:01Z","timestamp":1784714281997,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["305266\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305266\/2019-5"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["311357\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311357\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["305266\/2019-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305266\/2019-5"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["311357\/2020-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["311357\/2020-2"]}]},{"name":"Coordination of Superior Level Staff Improvement (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Casque-headed tree frogs (Lophyohylini) can have a very large and distinctive head characterised by hyperossification of their cranial skin. This type of skull was primarily associated with phragmosis, a behaviour in which the frog enters holes backwards and seals them with its head to prevent water loss in challenging environments. Further investigations revealed that hyperossification also gives rise to bony spines interspersed with skin poison glands. These peculiar anatomical features of the head make it challenging for predators to prey on the frogs in phragmosis. When bitten on the head, the bite pressure causes the spines to cross the poison glands, allowing the injection of toxins into the predator\u2019s mouth. We studied the head morphology of different Lophyohylini species along with some characteristics of their cutaneous poison, both in the field and in the laboratory. These frogs exemplify distinct chemical defence strategies, highlighting the differences between venom and poison. Notably, some species can cause self-poisoning in predators by injecting poison (in this case, venom) through their head spines, similar to the use of fangs by snakes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17060303","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]],"date-time":"2025-06-16T05:28:33Z","timestamp":1750051713000},"page":"303","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Defence Against Desiccation and Predation in Lophyohylini Casque-Headed Tree Frogs"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Alexandre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pedro L.","family":"Mailho-Fontana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bianca C. L. F.","family":"T\u00e1vora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0575-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta M.","family":"Antoniazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9117-6276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos","family":"Jared","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto Butantan, Sao Paulo 05503-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Evolutionary Context of Venom in Animals","volume":"24","author":"Arbuckle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evol. Venom. Anim. Their Toxins"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schendel, V., Rash, L.D., Jenner, R.A., and Undheim, E.A.B. (2019). The Diversity of Venom: The Importance of Behavior and Venom System Morphology in Understanding Its Ecology and Evolution. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11110666"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1111\/azo.12375","article-title":"Differences between Poison and Venom: An Attempt at an Integrative Biological Approach","volume":"102","author":"Jared","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Zool."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(95)98515-I","article-title":"Cutaneous Granular Glands and Amphibian Venoms","volume":"111","author":"Toledo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2009.03.029","article-title":"Parotoid Macroglands in Toad (Rhinella jimi): Their Structure and Functioning in Passive Defence","volume":"54","author":"Jared","year":"2009","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mailho-Fontana, P.L., Antoniazzi, M.M., Sciani, J.M., Pimenta, D.C., Barbaro, K.C., and Jared, C. (2018). Morphological and Biochemical Characterization of the Cutaneous Poison Glands in Toads (Rhinella marina Group) from Different Environments. Front. Zool., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12983-018-0294-5"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.1.9","article-title":"The Chemistry of Poisons in Amphibian Skin","volume":"92","author":"Daly","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferreira, R.B., Louren\u00e7o-de-Moraes, R., Zocca, C., Duca, C., Beard, K.H., and Brodie, E.D. (2019). Antipredator Mechanisms of Post-Metamorphic Anurans: A Global Database and Classification System. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol., 73.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00265-019-2680-1"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2017.07.022","article-title":"Structural Cutaneous Adaptations for Defense in Toad (Rhinella icterica) Parotoid Macroglands","volume":"137","author":"Jared","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00049-024-00402-9","article-title":"Defensive Alkaloid Variation and Palatability in Sympatric Poison Frogs","volume":"34","author":"Jeckel","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemoecology"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2014.09.026","article-title":"Body Size Matters for Aposematic Prey during Predator Aversion Learning","volume":"109","author":"Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Behav. Process."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1111\/brv.12062","article-title":"Poisons, Toxungens, and Venoms: Redefining and Classifying Toxic Biological Secretions and the Organisms That Employ Them","volume":"89","author":"Nelsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayes, W.K., Gren, E.C.K., Nelsen, D.R., Corbit, A.G., Cooper, A.M., Fox, G.A., and Streit, M.B. (2025). It\u2019s a Small World After All: The Remarkable but Overlooked Diversity of Venomous Organisms, with Candidates Among Plants, Fungi, Protists, Bacteria, and Viruses. Toxins, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17030099"},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"56","article-title":"Antipredator Adaptations of Asian Salamanders (Salamandridae)","volume":"40","author":"Brodie","year":"1984","journal-title":"Herpetologica"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2009.00631.x","article-title":"Hurt Yourself to Hurt Your Enemy: New Insights on the Function of the Bizarre Antipredator Mechanism in the Salamandrid Pleurodeles waltl","volume":"280","author":"Heiss","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2015.06.061","article-title":"Venomous Frogs Use Heads as Weapons","volume":"25","author":"Jared","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101234","article-title":"Morphological Evidence for an Oral Venom System in Caecilian Amphibians","volume":"23","author":"Antoniazzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.12439","article-title":"Multiple Anti-Predator Mechanisms in the Red-Spotted Argentina Frog (Amphibia: Hylidae)","volume":"302","author":"Cajade","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/cla.12409","article-title":"The Phylogeny of the Casque-Headed Treefrogs (Hylidae: Hylinae: Lophyohylini)","volume":"37","author":"Blotto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cladistics"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8554","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2000872117","article-title":"Evolution of Hyperossification Expands Skull Diversity in Frogs","volume":"117","author":"Paluh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"547","article-title":"Evolutionary Relationships of Casque-Headed Tree Frogs with Co-Ossified Skulls (Family Hylidae)","volume":"18","author":"Trueb","year":"1970","journal-title":"Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/394264","article-title":"The Physiognomy of Insects","volume":"2","author":"Wheeler","year":"1927","journal-title":"Q. Rev. Biol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/jzo.13224","article-title":"Review of Osteoderm Function and Future Research Directions","volume":"325","author":"Ebel","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/S0300-9629(96)00481-1","article-title":"Evaporative Water Loss and Oxygen Uptake in Two Casque-Headed Tree Frogs, Aparasphenodon brunoi and Corythomantis greeningi (Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"118","author":"Abe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. Part A Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","unstructured":"Frost, D.R. (2024). Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference, version 6.2, American Museum of Natural History."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836904005953","article-title":"Head Co-Ossification, Phragmosis and Defence in the Casque-Headed Tree Frog Corythomantis greeningi","volume":"265","author":"Jared","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.15560\/8.6.1303","article-title":"Checklist of the Genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Anura: Hylidae): Distribution Map, and New Record from S\u00e3o Paulo State, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Neto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferro, J.M., Cardozo, D.E., Su\u00e1rez, P., Boeris, J.M., Blasco-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga, A., Barbero, G., Gomes, A., Gazoni, T., Costa, W., and Nagamachi, C.Y. (2018). Chromosome Evolution in Cophomantini (Amphibia, Anura, Hylinae). PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192861"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2994\/SAJH-D-17-00115.1","article-title":"On the Monophyly and Relationships of Several Genera of Hylini (Anura: Hylidae: Hylinae), with Comments on Recent Taxonomic Changes in Hylids","volume":"13","author":"Faivovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"South Am. J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.2307\/1446302","article-title":"Structure and Development of the Parotoid Gland in Metamorphosed and Neotenic Ambystoma gracile","volume":"1","author":"Licht","year":"1993","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.2123.1.2","article-title":"A New Species of Casque-Headed Tree Frog, Genus Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), from the Atlantic Rainforest of Southern Bahia, Brazil","volume":"2123","author":"Pimenta","year":"2009","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"105","article-title":"Some Aspects of the Natural History of the Casque-Headed Tree Frog Corythomantis greeningi Boulenger (Hylidae)","volume":"20","author":"Jared","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann. Sci. Nat."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/03949370.2010.534321","article-title":"Behavioural Defences of Anurans: An Overview","volume":"23","author":"Toledo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ethol. Ecol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.3716.4.6","article-title":"A New and Possibly Critically Endangered Species of Casque-Headed Tree Frog Aparasphenodon Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Anura, Hylidae) from Southeastern Brazil","volume":"3716","author":"Assis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Systematic Status and Relationships of the Hylid Frog Nyctimantis rugiceps Boulenger","volume":"58","author":"Duellman","year":"1976","journal-title":"Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kans."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1590\/0001-3765201420130521","article-title":"Reproductive Biology of a Bromeligenous Frog Endemic to the Atlantic Forest: Aparasphenodon arapapa Pimenta, Napoli and Haddad, 2009 (Anura: Hylidae)","volume":"86","author":"Zina","year":"2014","journal-title":"An. Acad. Bras. Cienc."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"92","article-title":"Notes on the Natural History of the Casque-Headed Treefrog Trachycephalus jordani (Stejneger & Test, 1891)","volume":"20","year":"2007","journal-title":"Herpetozoa"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1020","article-title":"Mineralized Dermal Layer of the Brazilian Tree-Frog Corythomantis greeningi","volume":"248","author":"Katchburian","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1017\/S0952836902001103","article-title":"Water Economy in the Casque-Headed Tree-Frog Corythomantis greeningi (Hylidae): Role of Behaviour, Skin, and Skull Skin Co-Ossification","volume":"257","author":"Navas","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Zool."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9629(93)90259-7","article-title":"Cutaneous Adaptations to Water Amphibians Balance","volume":"105","author":"Toledo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Pysiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matpr.2017.12.252","article-title":"A Biological Overview of Hyaluronidase: A Venom Enzyme and Its Inhibition with Plants Materials","volume":"5","author":"Bala","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mater. Today Proc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s40409-015-0042-7","article-title":"Arthropod Venom Hyaluronidases: Biochemical Properties and Potential Applications in Medicine and Biotechnology","volume":"21","author":"Bordon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Venom. Anim. Toxins Incl. Trop. Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.11646\/zootaxa.4853.3.8","article-title":"The Advertisement Call of the Rare Casque-Headed Frog Nyctimantis galeata (Anura: Hylidae) from Its Type Locality, Morro Do Chap\u00e9u, Bahia, Brazil","volume":"4853","author":"Dias","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"New Records of Aparasphenodon bokermanni (Pombal, 1993) from Santa Catarina, Southern Brazil, and Extension of Genus Range (Anura: Hylidae)","volume":"12","author":"Ghizoni","year":"2016","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216","DOI":"10.16965\/ijar.2016.181","article-title":"An Alternative Approach to Bone Cleaning Methods for Anatomical Purposes","volume":"4","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Anat. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.11606\/issn.2176-7793.v39i1p1-85","article-title":"Esp\u00e9cies de Proceratophrys Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 com ap\u00eandices palpebrais (Anura; Cycloramphidae)","volume":"39","author":"Prado","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arq. Zool."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.2174\/1874210601004010223","article-title":"A Method for Rapid Demineralization of Teeth and Bones","volume":"4","author":"Cho","year":"2010","journal-title":"Open Dent. J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2818.2005.01466.x","article-title":"Reconstruct: A Free Editor for Serial Section Microscopy","volume":"218","author":"Fiala","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Microsc."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2006.08.005","article-title":"Isolation and Biochemical Characterization of Peptides Presenting Antimicrobial Activity from the Skin of Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis","volume":"27","author":"Konno","year":"2006","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-1759(83)90303-4","article-title":"Rapid Colorimetric Assay for Cellular Growth and Survival: Application to Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assays","volume":"65","author":"Mossmann","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1038\/227680a0","article-title":"Cleavage of Structural Proteins during the Assembly of the Head of Bacteriophage T4","volume":"227","author":"Laemmli","year":"1970","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(80)90338-3","article-title":"Electrophoretic Analysis of Plasminogen Activators in Polyacrylamide Gels Containing Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate and Copolymerized Substrates","volume":"102","author":"Heussen","year":"1980","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-06032011000100025","article-title":"Anf\u00edbios Da Esta\u00e7\u00e3o Ecol\u00f3gica Serra Geral Do Tocantins, Regi\u00e3o Do Jalap\u00e3o, Estados Do Tocantins e Bahia","volume":"11","author":"Valdujo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biota Neotrop."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.15560\/9.1.148","article-title":"New Records and Geographic Distribution of Corythomantis greeningi Boulenger, 1896 (Amphibia: Hylidae)","volume":"9","author":"Godinho","year":"2013","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"59","article-title":"Herpetofauna from Serra Da Jib\u00f3ia, an Atlantic Rainforest Remnant in the State of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil","volume":"11","author":"Abegg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Herpetol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.15560\/2.2.33","article-title":"Amphibia, Hylidae, Itapotihyla langsdorffii: Distribution Extension","volume":"2","author":"Arzabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.15560\/2.1.38","article-title":"Amphibia, Hylidae, Itapotihyla langsdorffii: Distribution Extension","volume":"2","author":"Lingnau","year":"2006","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"22","article-title":"First Record of Itapotihyla langsdorffii for Caaguazu Department (Paraguay) and Observations on Another Endemic Species of The Atlantic Forest","volume":"17","author":"Molas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kempffiana"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1670\/11-326","article-title":"Tadpole, Oophagy, Advertisement Call, and Geographic Distribution of Aparasphenodon arapapa Pimenta, Napoli and Haddad 2009 (Anura, Hylidae)","volume":"47","author":"Toledo","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Herpetol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.2307\/1447088","article-title":"New Species of Aparasphenodon (Anura: Hylidae) from Southeastern Brazil","volume":"1993","author":"Pombal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Copeia"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1590\/S1676-06032011000100008","article-title":"Anurofauna Da Floresta de Restinga Do Parque Estadual Da Ilha Do Cardoso, Sudeste Do Brasil: Composi\u00e7\u00e3o de Esp\u00e9cies e Uso de S\u00edtios Reprodutivos","volume":"11","author":"Vilela","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biota Neotrop."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.15560\/9.4.858","article-title":"Aparasphenodon brunoi Miranda-Ribeiro, 1920 (Anura: Hylidae): Distribution Extension and Geographic Distribution Map for Bahia State, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Ruas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Second Species of the Casque-Headed Frog Genus Corythomantis (Anura: Hylidae) from Northeastern Brazil, the Distribution of C. greeningi, and Comments on the Genus","volume":"530","author":"Pombal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bol. Mus. Nac."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"295","article-title":"Tadpole of Nyctimantis galeata (Anura: Hylidae: Lophyohylini), a Narrow Endemic Casque-Headed Frog from Bahia, Brazil","volume":"4948","author":"Marques","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zootaxa"},{"key":"ref_65","first-page":"49","article-title":"Aparasphenodon\u00a0pomba","volume":"10","author":"Assis","year":"2017","journal-title":"MG Biota"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"120","article-title":"Una Nueva Especie de Trachycephalus de Bahia, Brasil (Amphibia, Hylidae)","volume":"12","author":"Bokermann","year":"1966","journal-title":"Neotropica"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"53","article-title":"Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Trachycephalus atlas Bokermann, 1966: Novo Registro e Coment\u00e1rios Sobre a Distribui\u00e7\u00e3o Geogr\u00e1fica","volume":"5","author":"Barbosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"Rev. Nord. Zool."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.15560\/7.3.326","article-title":"Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Trachycephalus atlas Bokermann, 1966: Distribution Extension and Geographic Distribution Map","volume":"7","author":"Roberto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"255","article-title":"New Records of Trachycephalus mesophaeus (Hensel, 1867) (Anura: Hylidae) from Atlantic Forest in Sergipe State, Brazil","volume":"9","author":"Santana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Herpetol. Notes"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gondim-Silva, F.A.T., Andrade, A.R.S., Abreu, R.O., Nascimento, J.S., Corr\u00eaa, G.P., Menezes, L., Trevisan, C.C., Camargo, S.S., and Napoli, M.F. (2016). Composition and Diversity of Anurans in the Restinga of the Conde Municipality, Northern Coast of the State of Bahia, Northeastern Brazil. Biota Neotrop., 16.","DOI":"10.1590\/1676-0611-BN-2016-0157"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.15560\/6.3.412","article-title":"Amphibia, Anura, Hylidae, Trachycephalus nigromaculatus Tschudi, 1838: Distribution Extension","volume":"6","author":"Dias","year":"2010","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.15560\/8.4.817","article-title":"dos Expansion of the Geographical Distribution of Trachycephalus typhonius (Linnaeus, 1758) (Anura: Hylidae): First Record for the State of Rio Grande Do Sul, Brazil","volume":"8","author":"Soares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.15560\/10.4.893","article-title":"Rapid Survey of the Herpetofauna in an Area of Forest Management in Eastern Acre, Brazil","volume":"10","author":"Miranda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Check List"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1654\/1525-2647-83.1.92","article-title":"Helminth Parasites of 11 Anuran Species from the Pantanal Wetland, Brazil","volume":"83","author":"Dalazen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Comp. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1134\/S1062359023605256","article-title":"Unveiling the Diet Composition of Trachycephalus typhonius (Linnaeus, 1758) from a Relictual Mountain in Brazilian Semiarid","volume":"51","author":"Andrade","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, P.d.N., Varago, A., Portilho, J., Santana, D.J., and M\u00e2ngia, S. (2024). Release Call of Trachycephalus typhonius (Anura, Hylidae) in the Cerrado, Central-Western Brazil. J. Vertebr. Biol., 73.","DOI":"10.25225\/jvb.24052"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/6\/303\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:52:31Z","timestamp":1760032351000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/6\/303"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins17060303"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17060303","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,16]]}}}