{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:05:35Z","timestamp":1793397935097,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIP-2020-02-3249"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIP-2020-02-3249"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOK-2018-09-1195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2018-09-1195"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Croatian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DOK-2021-02-7058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DOK-2021-02-7058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The marine diatoms Pseudo-nitzschia spp. are globally distributed primary producers, with certain species capable of producing neurotoxin domoic acid (DA), causing amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP). This study investigates the toxicity and growth rates of Pseudo-nitzschia species isolated from aquaculture areas in the Central Adriatic Sea. A total of 54 strains from eight species were analysed, with strains originating from four different study sites. Growth rates and toxin production were examined across different growth phases in other species and strains. Most species, including P. allochrona, P. calliantha, P. delicatissima, P. fraudulenta, P. galaxiae, P. mannii, and P. multistriata, did not produce DA at any growth phase. The only species that showed toxin production, at 18 \u00b0C was P. pseudodelicatissima (0.0007\u20130.0250 pg cell\u22121). Notably, the majority of P. pseudodelicatissima strains were toxic in the decay phase and some strains showed continuous toxin production throughout all growth phases. The highest growth rates for the analysed species were recorded in strains of P. delicatissima, which also exhibited the highest cell abundance (8.19 \u00d7 105 cell mL\u22121), followed by the species P. allochrona, P. mannii and P. pseudodelicatissima.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17060307","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]],"date-time":"2025-06-17T05:52:47Z","timestamp":1750139567000},"page":"307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Growth Dynamics and Toxin Production of Pseudo-nitzschia Species Isolated from the Central Adriatic Sea"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6752-0954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tina","family":"Toma\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 33, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7568-1929","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasna","family":"Arapov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6686-1418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"Ujevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Bona\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"},{"name":"Doctoral Study of Biophysics, Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ru\u0111era Bo\u0161kovi\u0107a 33, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3848-9561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mia","family":"Bu\u017ean\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonija","family":"Buli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4038-7495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sanda","family":"Skeji\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9270-6646","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Romana","family":"Roje-Busatto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6083-7051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u017divana","family":"Nin\u010devi\u0107 Gladan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, \u0160etali\u0161te Ivana Me\u0161trovi\u0107a 63, 21000 Split, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.2216\/11-37.1","article-title":"Pseudo-nitzschia (Bacillariophyceae) species, domoic acid and amnesic shellfish poisoning: Revisiting Previous Paradigms","volume":"51","author":"Lelong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Phycologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101899","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hal.2020.101899","article-title":"Occurrence of Pseudo-nitzschia species and associated domoic acid production along the Guangdong Coast, South China Sea","volume":"98","author":"Dong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harmful Algae"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Lundholm, N., Bernard, C., Churro, C., Escalera, L., Hoppenrath, M., Iwataki, M., Larsen, J., Mertens, K., Moestrup, \u00d8., and Murray, S. 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