{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:08:20Z","timestamp":1793419700798,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Scientific Research at Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU)","award":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IMSIU-DDRSP2501"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Staphylococcus aureus is a leading cause of foodborne intoxication globally, driven by its heat-stable enterotoxins (SEs), which pose significant public health risks. This review critically evaluates modern and traditional methodologies for detecting S. aureus and its enterotoxins in food matrices, emphasizing their principles, applications, and limitations. The review includes a dedicated section on sample preparation and pretreatment methods for diverse food substrates, addressing a critical gap in practical applications. Immunological techniques, including ELISA and lateral flow assays, offer rapid on-site screening but face matrix interference and variable sensitivity challenges. Molecular methods, such as PCR and isothermal amplification, provide high specificity and speed for bacterial and toxin gene detection but cannot confirm functional toxin production. Sequencing-based approaches (e.g., WGS and MLST) deliver unparalleled genetic resolution for outbreak tracing but require advanced infrastructure. Emerging biosensor technologies leverage nanomaterials and biorecognition elements for ultra-sensitive real-time detection, although scalability and matrix effects remain hurdles. Mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) ensures rapid species identification but depends on pre-isolated colonies. Traditional microbiological methods, while foundational, lack the precision and speed of molecular alternatives. The review underscores the necessity of context-driven method selection, balancing speed, sensitivity, and resource availability. Innovations in multiplexing, automation, AI-based methods, and integration of complementary techniques are highlighted as pivotal for advancing food safety surveillance. Standardized validation protocols and improved reporting of performance metrics are urgently needed to enhance cross-method comparability and reliability in outbreak settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17070319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]],"date-time":"2025-06-23T07:42:34Z","timestamp":1750664554000},"page":"319","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["A Comprehensive Review of Detection Methods for Staphylococcus aureus and Its Enterotoxins in Food: From Traditional to Emerging Technologies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8092-2141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Assia","family":"Mairi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ecologie Microbienne, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Universit\u00e9 de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6382-8807","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nasir Adam","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 13318, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2519-4596","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takfarinas","family":"Idres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory for Livestock Animal Production and Health Research, Rabie Bouchama National Veterinary School of Algiers, Issad ABBAS Street, BP 161 Oued Smar, Algiers 16059, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdelaziz","family":"Touati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d\u2019Ecologie Microbienne, Facult\u00e9 des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie (FSNV), Universit\u00e9 de Bejaia, Bejaia 06000, Algeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Denayer, S., Delbrassinne, L., Nia, Y., and Botteldoorn, N. 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