{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T18:21:31Z","timestamp":1790706091727,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordination for the Improvement of Higher-Level Personnel (CAPES)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]},{"name":"Brazil\u2019s National Water and Sanitation Agency (ANA)","award":["001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["001"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming increasingly frequent and intense worldwide, often dominated by Microcystis aeruginosa, a species capable of producing a wide array of bioactive metabolites beyond microcystins. This study evaluates the ecotoxicological potential of a non-microcystin-producing strain, M. aeruginosa CCIBt3106, using acute immobilization assays with three microcrustacean species: Daphnia similis, Artemia salina, and Parhyale hawaiensis. Biomass was extracted using solvents of varying polarity, and selected extracts (aqueous and 50% methanol) were further fractionated and analyzed via high-resolution liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry (HR-LC-MS\/MS). Significant toxicity was observed in D. similis and P. hawaiensis, with EC50 values ranging from 660 to 940 \u00b5g mL\u22121. Metabolomic profiling revealed the presence of chemically diverse metabolite classes, including peptides, polyketides, and fatty acyls, with putative annotations linked to known bioactivities. These findings demonstrate that cyanobacterial strains lacking microcystins can still produce complex metabolite mixtures capable of inducing species-specific toxic effects under environmentally relevant exposure levels. Overall, the results highlight the need to expand ecotoxicological assessments and monitoring frameworks to include non-microcystin cyanobacterial metabolites and strains in water quality management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17070321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]],"date-time":"2025-06-24T04:37:21Z","timestamp":1750739841000},"page":"321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Unraveling the Toxicity of a Non-Microcystin-Producing Strain (CCIBt3106) of Microcystis aeruginosa: Ecotoxicological Effects on Aquatic Invertebrates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6665-9436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c9ryka Costa","family":"Almeida","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8140-209X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda Rios","family":"Jacinavicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9080-1228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhuana Valdet\u00e1rio","family":"M\u00e9dice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1473-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafaella Bizo","family":"Menezes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7024-6899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larissa Souza","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominique","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology (CMBB), Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (ILES), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-3937","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jaewon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1838-2620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elaine Dias","family":"Faria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajub\u00e1, Itajuba 37500-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6581-9031","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Camila Manoel","family":"Crnkovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana L\u00facia","family":"Fonseca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute, Federal University of Itajub\u00e1, Itajuba 37500-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9675-9454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore","family":"Henry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Marine Biodiversity & Biotechnology (CMBB), Institute of Life and Earth Sciences (ILES), School of Energy, Geoscience, Infrastructure and Society (EGIS), Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7614-3014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ernani","family":"Pinto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Laboratory of Environmental Biogeochemistry, Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13400-970, Brazil"},{"name":"Food Research Center (FoRC-CEPID), University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Sao Paulo 05508-080, Brazil"},{"name":"Center for Carbon Research in Tropical Agriculture, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Piracicaba 13418-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4038\/cjsbs.v40i2.3925","article-title":"Cyanobacteria: Pioneers of Planet Earth","volume":"40","author":"Kulasooriya","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ceylon J. 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