{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,2]],"date-time":"2026-07-02T23:40:40Z","timestamp":1783035640335,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]],"date-time":"2025-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/131698\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/131698\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER000113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER000113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"FCT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/05292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["SFRH\/BD\/131698\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/131698\/2017"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER000113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER000113"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDB\/05292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05292\/2020"]}]},{"name":"Fundo Europeu de Desenvolvimento Regional (FEDER)","award":["UIDP\/05292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05292\/2020"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/131698\/2017"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/131698\/2017"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER000113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ACORES-01-0145-FEDER000113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDB\/05292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDB\/05292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia (FCT)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["UIDP\/05292\/2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UIDP\/05292\/2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Steinernema carpocapsae nematode is known to release several excretory\/secretory products (ESPs) in its venom upon contact and during the parasitic infection process of insect hosts. A recurrent family of proteins found in this nematode\u2019s venom is the CAP (cysteine-rich secretory protein\/antigen 5\/pathogenesis-related 1) protein, but the functional role of these proteins remains unknown. To elucidate the biological function, this study focused on characterising the secreted protein, first identified in the venom of the nematode\u2019s parasitic stage, and the sequence retrieved from transcriptomic analysis. The structural comparisons of the Sc-CAP protein model, as determined by AlphaFold2, revealed related structures from other parasitic nematodes of vertebrates. Some of these closely related proteins are reported to have sterol-binding ability. The Sc-CAP recombinant protein was successfully produced in Escherichia coli in conjunction with a chaperone protein. The results showed that the Sc-CAP protein binds to cholesterol, and docking analyses of sterols on the protein revealed potential molecular interactions. Immunoassays performed in Galleria mellonella larvae revealed that this venom protein has an inhibitory effect against phenoloxidase and the antimicrobial response of insects. This suggests that the venom protein has an immunomodulatory function against insects, emphasising its importance during the parasite\u2013host interaction.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17070342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T04:43:37Z","timestamp":1751863417000},"page":"342","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Immunomodulatory Effect of a Cysteine-Rich Secretory Protein from an Entomopathogenic Nematode with Sterol-Binding Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1373-6060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Frias","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Centre of Azores (CBA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2025-9696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Duarte","family":"Toubarro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Centre of Azores (CBA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6329-9775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tiago","family":"Paiva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Centre of Azores (CBA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3379-3740","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nelson","family":"Sim\u00f5es","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnology Centre of Azores (CBA), Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of the Azores, 9500-321 Ponta Delgada, A\u00e7ores, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Javed, S., Khanum, T.A., and Ali, A. (2022). Storage and Efficacy of Entomopathogenic Nematode Species as a Biocontrol Agent against the Armyworm, Spodoptera Litura (FABRICIUS) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control, 32.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-022-00505-x"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.02740-14","article-title":"Variation in the Susceptibility of Drosophila to Different Entomopathogenic Nematodes","volume":"83","author":"Carrillo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abd-Elgawad, M.M.M. (2023). Optimizing Entomopathogenic Nematode Genetics and Applications for the Integrated Management of Horticultural Pests. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9080865"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pt.2016.04.008","article-title":"Genomics of Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Implications for Pest Control","volume":"32","author":"Lu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bhat, A.H., Chaubey, A.K., and Askary, T.H. (2020). Global Distribution of Entomopathogenic Nematodes, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. Egypt. J. Biol. Pest Control, 30.","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-020-0212-y"},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"218","article-title":"Entomopathogenic Nematodes for Control of Insect Pests Above and Below Ground with Comments on Commercial Production","volume":"44","author":"Lacey","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nematol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1006\/jipa.1999.4900","article-title":"Pathogenicity, Development, and Reproduction of Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora and Steinernema Carpocapsae under Axenic in Vivo Conditions","volume":"75","author":"Han","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Invertebr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yadav, S., Shokal, U., Forst, S., and Eleftherianos, I. (2015). An Improved Method for Generating Axenic Entomopathogenic Nematodes. BMC Res. Notes, 8.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1443-y"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones, K., Tafesh-Edwards, G., Kenney, E., Toubarro, D., Sim\u00f5es, N., and Eleftherianos, I. (2022). Excreted Secreted Products from the Parasitic Nematode Steinernema Carpocapsae Manipulate the Drosophila Melanogaster Immune Response. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18722-7"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.04.013","article-title":"An Apoptosis-Inducing Serine Protease Secreted by the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema Carpocapsae","volume":"39","author":"Toubarro","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3024.2009.01172.x","article-title":"Biochemical Study and in Vitro Insect Immune Suppression by a Trypsin-like Secreted Protease from the Nematode Steinernema Carpocapsae","volume":"32","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2010","journal-title":"Parasite Immunol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2010.07.004","article-title":"Cloning, Characterisation and Heterologous Expression of an Astacin Metalloprotease, Sc-AST, from the Entomoparasitic Nematode Steinernema Carpocapsae","volume":"174","author":"Jing","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Biochem. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frias, J., Toubarro, D., Bjerga, G.E.K., Puntervoll, P., Vicente, J.B., Reis, R.L., and Sim\u00f5es, N. (2022). A ShK-like Domain from Steinernema Carpocapsae with Bioinsecticidal Potential. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14110754"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toubarro, D., Avila, M.M., Hao, Y., Balasubramanian, N., Jing, Y., Montiel, R., Faria, T.Q., Brito, R.M., and Sim\u00f5es, N. (2013). A Serpin Released by an Entomopathogen Impairs Clot Formation in Insect Defense System. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069161"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eli\u00e1\u0161, S., Hurychov\u00e1, J., Toubarro, D., Frias, J., Kunc, M., Dobe\u0161, P., Sim\u00f5es, N., and Hyr\u0161l, P. (2020). Bioactive Excreted\/Secreted Products of Entomopathogenic Nematode Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora Inhibit the Phenoloxidase Activity during the Infection. Insects, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects11060353"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lu, D., Macchietto, M., Chang, D., Barros, M.M., Baldwin, J., Mortazavi, A., and Dillman, A.R. (2017). Activated Entomopathogenic Nematode Infective Juveniles Release Lethal Venom Proteins. PLoS Pathog., 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1006302"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, D.Z., Serra, L., Lu, D., Mortazavi, A., and Dillman, A.R. (2019). A Core Set of Venom Proteins Is Released by Entomopathogenic Nematodes in the Genus Steinernema. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007626"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lima, A.K., Dhillon, H., and Dillman, A.R. (2022). ShK-Domain-Containing Protein from a Parasitic Nematode Modulates Drosophila Melanogaster Immunity. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11101094"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1515\/bmc-2013-0021","article-title":"The CAP Protein Superfamily: Function in Sterol Export and Fungal Virulence","volume":"4","author":"Schneiter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomol. Concepts"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2014.03.003","article-title":"Probing the Equatorial Groove of the Hookworm Protein and Vaccine Candidate Antigen, Na-ASP-2","volume":"50","author":"Mason","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1107\/S2053230X1500271X","article-title":"The Structure of Hookworm Platelet Inhibitor (HPI), a CAP Superfamily Member from Ancylostoma Caninum","volume":"71","author":"Ma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2018.01.002","article-title":"Heligmosomoides Polygyrus Venom Allergen-like Protein-4 (HpVAL-4) Is a Sterol Binding Protein","volume":"48","author":"Asojo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rougon-Cardoso, A., Flores-Ponce, M., Ramos-Aboites, H.E., Mart\u00ednez-Guerrero, C.E., Hao, Y.-J., Cunha, L., Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00ednez, J.A., Ovando-V\u00e1zquez, C., Berm\u00fadez-Barrientos, J.R., and Abreu-Goodger, C. (2016). The Genome, Transcriptome, and Proteome of the Nematode Steinernema Carpocapsae: Evolutionary Signatures of a Pathogenic Lifestyle. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37536"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2859-12-37","article-title":"High Throughput Screening Identifies Disulfide Isomerase DsbC as a Very Efficient Partner for Recombinant Expression of Small Disulfide-Rich Proteins in E. coli","volume":"12","author":"Nozach","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2017.12.003","article-title":"Crystal Structure of Brugia Malayi Venom Allergen-like Protein-1 (BmVAL-1), a Vaccine Candidate for Lymphatic Filariasis","volume":"48","author":"Darwiche","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, K., Duan, J., Jing, X., Zhang, X., Ding, Q., Dong, Z., Xia, Q., and Zhao, P. (2025). Silk Components and Properties of the Multilayer Cocoon of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria Mellonella. Insect Sci.","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70047"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bobardt, S.D., Dillman, A.R., and Nair, M.G. (2020). The Two Faces of Nematode Infection: Virulence and Immunomodulatory Molecules From Nematode Parasites of Mammals, Insects and Plants. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.577846"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0618-0","article-title":"Gene Design, Fusion Technology and TEV Cleavage Conditions Influence the Purification of Oxidized Disulphide-Rich Venom Peptides in Escherichia Coli","volume":"16","author":"Sequeira","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-016-0617-1","article-title":"High-Throughput Expression of Animal Venom Toxins in Escherichia Coli to Generate a Large Library of Oxidized Disulphide-Reticulated Peptides for Drug Discovery","volume":"16","author":"Turchetto","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3149","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.5869","article-title":"20-Hydroxyecdysone Regulates the Prophenoloxidase Cascade to Immunize Metarhizium Anisopliae in Locusta Migratoria","volume":"76","author":"Han","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-011019-025017","article-title":"Insect Sterol Nutrition: Physiological Mechanisms, Ecology, and Applications","volume":"65","author":"Jing","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanley, D., and Kim, Y. (2019). Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids in Insects: Biosynthesis and Biological Actions. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01927"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.51.110104.151021","article-title":"Prostaglandins and Other Eicosanoids in Insects: Biological Significance","volume":"51","author":"Stanley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Entomol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Parks, S.C., Nguyen, S., Nasrolahi, S., Bhat, C., Juncaj, D., Lu, D., Ramaswamy, R., Dhillon, H., Fujiwara, H., and Buchman, A. (2021). Parasitic Nematode Fatty Acid- and Retinol-Binding Proteins Compromise Host Immunity by Interfering with Host Lipid Signaling Pathways. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1101\/2021.03.25.436866"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brivio, M.F., and Mastore, M. (2018). Nematobacterial Complexes and Insect Hosts: Different Weapons for the Same War. Insects, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/insects9030117"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kenney, E., Hawdon, J.M., O\u2019Halloran, D., and Eleftherianos, I. (2019). Heterorhabditis Bacteriophora Excreted-Secreted Products Enable Infection by Photorhabdus Luminescens Through Suppression of the Imd Pathway. Front. Immunol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02372"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanda, N.B., Hou, B., and Hou, Y. (2022). The Entomopathogenic Nematodes H. Bacteriophora and S. Carpocapsae Inhibit the Activation of proPO System of the Nipa Palm Hispid Octodonta Nipae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Life, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/life12071019"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.012","article-title":"Purification, Biochemical and Molecular Analysis of a Chymotrypsin Protease with Prophenoloxidase Suppression Activity from the Entomopathogenic Nematode Steinernema Carpocapsae","volume":"39","author":"Balasubramanian","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2089","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4905","article-title":"Surface Protein Components from Entomopathogenic Nematodes and Their Symbiotic Bacteria: Effects on Immune Responses of the Greater Wax Moth, Galleria Mellonella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)","volume":"74","author":"Brivio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pest Manag. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly Accurate Protein Structure Prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.20084","article-title":"UCSF Chimera--a Visualization System for Exploratory Research and Analysis","volume":"25","author":"Pettersen","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krissinel, E., and Henrick, K. (2005). Multiple Alignment of Protein Structures in Three Dimensions. Computational Life Sciences, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/11560500_7"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1002\/jcc.21334","article-title":"AutoDock Vina: Improving the Speed and Accuracy of Docking with a New Scoring Function, Efficient Optimization, and Multithreading","volume":"31","author":"Trott","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Comput. Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W530","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab294","article-title":"PLIP 2021: Expanding the Scope of the Protein\u2013Ligand Interaction Profiler to DNA and RNA","volume":"49","author":"Adasme","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/7\/342\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:05:03Z","timestamp":1760033103000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/7\/342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins17070342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17070342","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,5]]}}}