{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:32:00Z","timestamp":1792157520609,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]],"date-time":"2025-07-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752105600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an established global health problem, with the increased prevalence of vascular inflammation, accelerated atherogenesis, and thrombotic risk all contributing to overall cardiovascular risk. The major CKD-specific risk factor is presumed to be the accumulation of uremic toxins in circulation and tissues, further accelerating the progression of CKD and its co-morbidities, including those of bone mineral disorders and cardiovascular diseases. Materials and Methods: In our narrative review, we focused on non-traditional cardiovascular risk factors, as they evolve with declined kidney function and are potentially further modulated by the choice of kidney replacement therapy. Results: Based on the data from the literature to date, the pre-eminent role of non-traditional risk factors emerges to mediate inflammation and increased cardiovascular mortality. In particular, patients receiving hemodialysis (HD) display dramatically increased CVD-mediated mortality. This intensified state of inflammation may be linked to the direct exposure of the bloodstream to a bio-incompatible environment in HD; for both complement-mediated and non-complement-mediated reactions, the possible contribution of neutrophil extracellular traps and complement activation-related pseudoallergy are reviewed in detail. Conclusions: Our narrative review emphasizes key elements of a bio-incompatible HD environment that may contribute to increased cardiovascular mortality in patients receiving HD. Summarizing these results may provide conceptual opportunities to develop new therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17070345","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,11]],"date-time":"2025-07-11T08:15:47Z","timestamp":1752221747000},"page":"345","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Increased Cardiovascular Mortality in Hemodialysis: The Role of Chronic Inflammation, Complement Activation, and Non-Biocompatibility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9776-9841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00c1kos G\u00e9za","family":"Peth\u0151","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine and Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1000 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tibor","family":"F\u00fcl\u00f6p","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA"},{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29401, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petronella","family":"Orosz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bethesda Children\u2019s Hospital, 1146 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7350-6091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Sz\u00e9n\u00e1si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-3962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mih\u00e1ly","family":"Tapolyai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, SC 29401, USA"},{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Szent Margit K\u00f3rhaz, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4190-9793","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"D\u00e9zsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kint.2023.10.018","article-title":"KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"105","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_1","article-title":"Prevalence and Disease Burden of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"1165","author":"Lv","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanepe.2022.100438","article-title":"Prevalence, outcomes, and cost of chronic kidney disease in a contemporary population of 2.4 million patients from 11 countries: The CaReMe CKD study","volume":"20","author":"Sundstrom","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Reg. Health Eur."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfz174","article-title":"A single number for advocacy and communication-worldwide more than 850 million individuals have kidney diseases","volume":"34","author":"Jager","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration (2020). Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease, 1990\u20132017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet, 395, 709\u2013733."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S112","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.1998.v32.pm9820470","article-title":"Clinical epidemiology of cardiovascular disease in chronic renal disease","volume":"32","author":"Foley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e004251","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-004251","article-title":"Mortality in chronic kidney disease and renal replacement therapy: A population-based cohort study","volume":"4","author":"Neovius","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shahbazi, F., Doosti-Irani, A., Soltanian, A., and Poorolajal, J. (2024). Global forecasting of chronic kidney disease mortality rates and numbers with the generalized additive model. BMC Nephrol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03720-w"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1093\/ckj\/sfv021","article-title":"The first year on haemodialysis: A critical transition","volume":"8","author":"Broers","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Kidney J."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1159\/000338673","article-title":"Patterns and predictors of early mortality in incident hemodialysis patients: New insights","volume":"35","author":"Lukowsky","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gu, L., Xia, Z., Qing, B., Wang, W., Chen, H., Wang, J., Chen, Y., Gai, Z., Hu, R., and Yuan, Y. (2024). Systemic Inflammatory Response Index (SIRI) is associated with all-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality in population with chronic kidney disease: Evidence from NHANES (2001\u20132018). Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1338025"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/11.supp2.121","article-title":"New molecular aspects of chronic uraemia and dialysis-related immunocompetent cell activation","volume":"11","author":"Jungers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crespo-Montero, R., Gomez-Lopez, V.E., Guerrero-Pavon, F., Carmona-Munoz, A., Romero-Saldana, M., Ranchal-Sanchez, A., and Aljama-Garcia, P. (2021). Influence of Tunneled Hemodialysis-Catheters on Inflammation and Mortality in Dialyzed Patients. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18147605"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478486","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2025.2478486","article-title":"Prolonged use of dialysis catheters is associated with elevated chronic inflammatory markers: A single center case series","volume":"47","author":"Tapolyai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1159\/000314648","article-title":"Correlation of treatment time and ultrafiltration rate with serum albumin and C-reactive protein levels in patients with end-stage kidney disease receiving chronic maintenance hemodialysis: A cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Zsom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2021.02.024","article-title":"Axl is related to inflammation in hemodialysis patients","volume":"133","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V13suppl_1s28","article-title":"Inflammation, malnutrition, and cardiac disease as predictors of mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"13","author":"Qureshi","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiang, F., Cao, X., Chen, X., Zhang, Z., Ding, X., Zou, J., and Shen, B. (2021). Decreased Peripheral Naive T Cell Number and Its Role in Predicting Cardiovascular and Infection Events in Hemodialysis Patients. Front. Immunol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.644627"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"1206","article-title":"Interleukin 18 as a new inflammatory mediator in left ventricular hypertrophy in children with end-stage renal disease","volume":"31","author":"Badawy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant. Off. Publ. Saudi Cent. Organ. Transplant. Saudi Arab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1080\/0960085X.2017.1398880","article-title":"Transparency in literature reviews: An assessment of reporting practices across review types and genres in top IS journals","volume":"27","author":"Templier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Inf. Syst."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"Lau, F., and Kuziemsky, C. (2017). Methods for Literature Reviews. Handbook of eHealth Evaluation: An Evidence-Based Approach, University of Victoria."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121175","article-title":"Normal and pathologic concentrations of uremic toxins","volume":"23","author":"Duranton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00924.x","article-title":"Review on uremic toxins: Classification, concentration, and interindividual variability","volume":"63","author":"Vanholder","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Nissenson, A.R., Fine, R.N., Mehrotra, R., and Zaritsky, J. (2023). 47\u2014Avoidance and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in Dialysis. Handbook of Dialysis Therapy, Elsevier. [6th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2003","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-019-01061-7","article-title":"Uremic Serum Induces Inflammation in Cultured Human Endothelial Cells and Triggers Vascular Repair Mechanisms","volume":"42","author":"Eloueyk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.2741\/4595","article-title":"Uremic toxins are conditional danger- or homeostasis-associated molecular patterns","volume":"23","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Landmark Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.34067\/KID.0000962019","article-title":"Vascular Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"1","author":"Nowak","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney360"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1410","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2538","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Current pathogenesis and therapeutic options","volume":"17","author":"Weber","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1161\/01.RES.87.10.840","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular diseases: The role of oxidant stress","volume":"87","author":"Cai","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6678924","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6678924","article-title":"GSTM1 Modulates Expression of Endothelial Adhesion Molecules in Uremic Milieu","volume":"2021","author":"Jerotic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38869","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M110.166686","article-title":"Indoxyl sulfate induces leukocyte-endothelial interactions through up-regulation of E-selectin","volume":"285","author":"Ito","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.1111\/hdi.12742","article-title":"The association of overhydration with chronic inflammation in chronic maintenance hemodiafiltration patients","volume":"23","author":"Zsom","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.03.037","article-title":"The Framingham predictive instrument in chronic kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"Weiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000492","article-title":"Blood pressure targets and kidney and cardiovascular disease: Same data but discordant guidelines","volume":"28","author":"Roehm","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2560","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0802987","article-title":"Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes","volume":"358","author":"Group","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx118","article-title":"Symmetric dimethylarginine, high-density lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease","volume":"38","author":"Zewinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000043140.23422.4F","article-title":"Mortality differences by dialysis modality among incident ESRD patients with and without coronary artery disease","volume":"14","author":"Ganesh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Aeddula, A.S.M.F.H.N.R. (2024). Chronic Kidney Disease-Mineral Bone Disorder (CKD-MBD). StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.85a.18009","article-title":"Calcific uremic arteriolopathy","volume":"85","author":"Shetty","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cleve Clin. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2392846","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2024.2392846","article-title":"Individualizing the lifesaving journey for calciphylaxis: Addressing rapidly progressive attacks with multidimensional and AI research for regenerative medicine","volume":"46","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2018.09.012","article-title":"Use of Measures of Inflammation and Kidney Function for Prediction of Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Events and Death in Patients With CKD: Findings from the CRIC Study","volume":"73","author":"Amdur","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1177\/0896860819895177","article-title":"The benefit of early survival on PD versus HD-Why this is (still) very important","volume":"40","author":"Marshall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Perit. Dial. Int."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mehy.2017.09.005","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis: The unique features by compartmental delivery of renal replacement therapy","volume":"108","author":"Fulop","year":"2017","journal-title":"Med. Hypotheses"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2013.12.003","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis and inflammation","volume":"430","author":"Velloso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1856","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ekir.2020.08.031","article-title":"Dialysis-Induced Cardiovascular and Multiorgan Morbidity","volume":"5","author":"Canaud","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2017.04.006","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions in patients receiving hemodialysis","volume":"118","author":"Butani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.05260516","article-title":"Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention of Hemodialysis Emergencies","volume":"12","author":"Saha","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_48","first-page":"119","article-title":"Anaphylactic reactions during hemodialysis: Responsibility of the dialysis membrane (cuprophan)","volume":"5","author":"Kessler","year":"1984","journal-title":"Nephrologie"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-6386(85)80010-X","article-title":"Acute Anaphylactoid Reactions in Hemodialysis","volume":"5","author":"Foley","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_50","first-page":"S44","article-title":"Anaphylactoid reactions during hemodialysis","volume":"42","author":"Schaefer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.5414\/CN109888","article-title":"Fatal anaphylactic shock in a patient undergoing hemodialysis via a polyurethane catheter","volume":"92","author":"Fulop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2005.07.023","article-title":"Complement activation-related pseudoallergy: A new class of drug-induced acute immune toxicity","volume":"216","author":"Szebeni","year":"2005","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bcr2014208591","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2014-208591","article-title":"Allergic reaction to polysulphone membrane dialyser masquerading as infection","volume":"2015","author":"Mukaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1492-7535.2005.01123.x","article-title":"Dialyzer reactions in a patient switching from peritoneal dialysis to hemodialysis","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"29","article-title":"Hypersensitivity reactions during hemodialysis. Roles of high permeability, backfiltration and bacterial contamination of dialysis fluid","volume":"9","author":"Montagnac","year":"1988","journal-title":"Nephrologie"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"556","article-title":"Anaphylactoid reactions in patients on hemodialysis with the AN69 membrane: The ACE inhibitors","volume":"11","author":"Galan","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V1251046","article-title":"Peritoneal glucose exposure and changes in membrane solute transport with time on peritoneal dialysis","volume":"12","author":"Davies","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1159\/000065202","article-title":"Peritoneal membrane failure in peritoneal dialysis patients","volume":"20","author":"Krediet","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Witowski, J., Kamhieh-Milz, J., Kawka, E., Catar, R., and Jorres, A. (2018). IL-17 in Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Inflammation and Angiogenesis: Conclusions and Perspectives. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01694"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108710","article-title":"Hemodialysis leukopenia. Pulmonary vascular leukostasis resulting from complement activation by dialyzer cellophane membranes","volume":"59","author":"Craddock","year":"1977","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197704072961401","article-title":"Complement and leukocyte-mediated pulmonary dysfunction in hemodialysis","volume":"296","author":"Craddock","year":"1977","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"275","article-title":"The activation of complement system in different types of renal replacement therapy","volume":"71","author":"Stepniewska","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.152.35","article-title":"Acute changes in C3a and C5a in an anaphylactoid reaction in hemodialysis patients","volume":"152","author":"Suzuki","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1984.155","article-title":"Biocompatibility of dialysis membranes: Effects of chronic complement activation","volume":"26","author":"Hakim","year":"1984","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.1995.tb02349.x","article-title":"Considerations on developmental aspects of biocompatible dialysis membranes","volume":"19","author":"Vienken","year":"1995","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/0267-6605(92)90090-G","article-title":"Biocompatibility issues in hemodialysis","volume":"10","author":"Vanholder","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Mater."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"E285","article-title":"Mechanisms Involved in Hypersensitivity Reactions to Polysulfone Hemodialysis Membranes","volume":"41","author":"Fiandor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Artif. Organs"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1148","DOI":"10.3109\/0886022X.2010.516854","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients without arteriovenous fistula: The effect of dialyzer composition","volume":"32","author":"Kiykim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"638","article-title":"Adverse reactions to polisulphone membrane dialyzers durind hemodialysis abstract","volume":"27","author":"Gil","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nefrologia"},{"key":"ref_70","unstructured":"Davis, B. (1968). Classification of allergic reactions responsible for drug hypersensitivity reactions. Clinical Aspects of Immunology, Davis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2014.08.009","article-title":"Features of complement activation-related pseudoallergy to liposomes with different surface charge and PEGylation: Comparison of the porcine and rat responses","volume":"195","author":"Dezsi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9315","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b03942","article-title":"Pseudo-anaphylaxis to Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)-Coated Liposomes: Roles of Anti-PEG IgM and Complement Activation in a Porcine Model of Human Infusion Reactions","volume":"13","author":"Kozma","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2302","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.99.17.2302","article-title":"Hemodynamic changes induced by liposomes and liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin in pigs: A model for pseudoallergic cardiopulmonary reactions to liposomes. Role of complement and inhibition by soluble CR1 and anti-C5a antibody","volume":"99","author":"Szebeni","year":"1999","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1050","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00622.2005","article-title":"Complement activation-related cardiac anaphylaxis in pigs: Role of C5a anaphylatoxin and adenosine in liposome-induced abnormalities in ECG and heart function","volume":"290","author":"Szebeni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.07.005","article-title":"A porcine model of complement-mediated infusion reactions to drug carrier nanosystems and other medicines","volume":"64","author":"Szebeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2011.06.003","article-title":"Liposome-induced complement activation and related cardiopulmonary distress in pigs: Factors promoting reactogenicity of Doxil and AmBisome","volume":"8","author":"Szebeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2012.02.029","article-title":"Prevention of infusion reactions to PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin via tachyphylaxis induction by placebo vesicles: A porcine model","volume":"160","author":"Szebeni","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2015.12.377","article-title":"Comparison of complement activation-related pseudoallergy in miniature and domestic pigs: Foundation of a validatable immune toxicity model","volume":"12","author":"Jackman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2018.01.025","article-title":"Mechanism of nanoparticle-induced hypersensitivity in pigs: Complement or not complement?","volume":"23","author":"Szebeni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.2147\/IJN.S161369","article-title":"Involvement of complement activation in the pulmonary vasoactivity of polystyrene nanoparticles in pigs: Unique surface properties underlying alternative pathway activation and instant opsonization","volume":"13","author":"Meszaros","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Nanomed."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-021-00495-y","article-title":"A naturally hypersensitive porcine model may help understand the mechanism of COVID-19 mRNA vaccine-induced rare (pseudo) allergic reactions: Complement activation as a possible contributing factor","volume":"44","author":"Dezsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Geroscience"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bakos, T., Meszaros, T., Kozma, G.T., Berenyi, P., Facsko, R., Farkas, H., Dezsi, L., Heirman, C., de Koker, S., and Schiffelers, R. (2024). mRNA-LNP COVID-19 Vaccine Lipids Induce Complement Activation and Production of Proinflammatory Cytokines: Mechanisms, Effects of Complement Inhibitors, and Relevance to Adverse Reactions. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.1101\/2024.01.12.575122"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nano.2021.102366","article-title":"Complement-mediated hypersensitivity reactions to an amphotericin B-containing lipid complex (Abelcet) in pediatric patients and anesthetized rats: Benefits of slow infusion","volume":"34","author":"Milosevits","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanomedicine"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molimm.2006.06.020","article-title":"The role of complement in biomaterial-induced inflammation","volume":"44","author":"Nilsson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.02.095","article-title":"Risk factors for mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"238","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, Y., Li, J., Lu, H., Shi, Z., and Wang, X. (2024). Effect of hemodiafiltration and hemodialysis on mortality of patients with end-stage kidney disease: A meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-024-03810-9"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1159\/000489829","article-title":"Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in the Second Decade","volume":"10","author":"Brinkmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2216307","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2023.2216307","article-title":"Neutrophil extracellular trap is an important connection between hemodialysis and acute myocardial infarction","volume":"45","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1002\/JLB.3RU0620-375R","article-title":"The vitals of NETs","volume":"110","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Leukoc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00011-016-1010-6","article-title":"NETosis provides the link between activation of neutrophils on hemodialysis membrane and comorbidities in dialyzed patients","volume":"66","author":"Korabecna","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflamm. Res."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.W., Nizet, V., An, J.N., Lee, H.S., Song, Y.R., Kim, S.G., and Kim, J.K. (2021). Uremic serum damages endothelium by provoking excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00863-w"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"692","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2020.06.014","article-title":"Neutrophil Activation and Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Formation in Dialysis Patients","volume":"2","author":"Bieber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.1986.69","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary effects of cuprophane-activated plasma in the swine","volume":"29","author":"Cheung","year":"1986","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1609","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2021.2007127","article-title":"A porcine model of hemodialyzer reactions: Roles of complement activation and rinsing back of extracorporeal blood","volume":"43","author":"Petho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2022.2064305","article-title":"Pulmonary hypertension in a hemodialysis porcine model: Possible unforeseen causes?","volume":"44","author":"Petho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2017.11.018","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension, Mortality, and Cardiovascular Disease in CKD and ESRD Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Tang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2019.08.027","article-title":"Pulmonary Hypertension Subtypes and Mortality in CKD","volume":"75","author":"Edmonston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-020-00355-0","article-title":"Prevalence and Mortality of Pulmonary Hypertension in ESRD: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"198","author":"Schoenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-8191.1990.tb01036.x","article-title":"Pathophysiology of cardiopulmonary bypass: Current issues","volume":"5","author":"Utley","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200207000-00030","article-title":"The systemic inflammatory response to cardiac surgery: Implications for the anesthesiologist","volume":"97","author":"Laffey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.1800840707","article-title":"Systemic inflammatory response syndrome","volume":"84","author":"Davies","year":"1997","journal-title":"Br. J. Surg."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1016\/S1010-7940(01)01099-5","article-title":"Cardiopulmonary bypass induced inflammation: Pathophysiology and treatment. An update","volume":"21","author":"Paparella","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cardiothorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)33806-1","article-title":"Interleukin-8 release and neutrophil degranulation after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"105","author":"Finn","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_104","first-page":"131","article-title":"Why cardiopulmonary bypass makes patients sick: Strategies to control the blood-synthetic surface interface","volume":"6","author":"Edmunds","year":"1995","journal-title":"Adv. Card. Surg."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s11684-012-0219-1","article-title":"Early and marked up-regulation of TNF-alpha in acute respiratory distress syndrome after cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2012","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"959","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)33966-2","article-title":"Thromboxane A2 mediates pulmonary hypertension after cardiopulmonary bypass in the rabbit","volume":"106","author":"Cave","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kisu.2021.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of chronic kidney disease: An update 2022","volume":"12","author":"Kovesdy","year":"2022","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2017.12.005","article-title":"Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease: Clinical insights and vascular mechanisms","volume":"34","author":"Petrie","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1111\/sdi.13055","article-title":"Fragmented QRS complex on a 12-lead electrocardiogram predicts cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in dialysis patients","volume":"36","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Semin. Dial."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gheart.2012.12.004","article-title":"Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease: Contributions of the Framingham Heart Study","volume":"8","author":"Franklin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Glob. Heart"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2921","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.04.038","article-title":"Association of age of onset of hypertension with cardiovascular diseases and mortality","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2035","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1979.03290450033020","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham study","volume":"241","author":"Kannel","year":"1979","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.53.082901.103904","article-title":"Diabetes and cardiovascular disease","volume":"53","author":"Resnick","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653789","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/653789","article-title":"Impact of diabetes on cardiovascular disease: An update","volume":"2013","author":"Matheus","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13691","article-title":"The importance of dyslipidaemia in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease in people with diabetes","volume":"21","author":"Gonna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e04","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2019.06","article-title":"New perspectives on atherogenic dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease","volume":"15","author":"Lorenzatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. Cardiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_117","first-page":"22","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and dyslipidaemia","volume":"29","author":"Pascual","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cl\u00ednica Investig. Arterioscler. (Engl. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1136\/heartjnl-2017-312794","article-title":"Coronary heart disease risk associated with the dyslipidaemia of chronic kidney disease","volume":"104","author":"McClelland","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzegorzewska, A.E., Adamska, P., Iwanczyk-Skalska, E., Ostromecka, K., Niepolski, L., Marcinkowski, W., Mostowska, A., Warchol, W., Zaba, C., and Jagodzinski, P.P. (2021). Paraoxonase 1 concerning dyslipidaemia, cardiovascular diseases, and mortality in haemodialysis patients. Sci. Rep., 11.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86231-0"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006070771","article-title":"Metabolic bone disease in chronic kidney disease","volume":"18","author":"Martin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027971","article-title":"Effects of anaemia on cardiovascular status","volume":"15","author":"Foley","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01938-1","article-title":"Anemia as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study","volume":"40","author":"Sarnak","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lanser, L., Fuchs, D., Scharnagl, H., Grammer, T., Kleber, M.E., M\u00e4rz, W., Weiss, G., and Kurz, K. (2021). Anemia of chronic disease in patients with cardiovascular disease. Front. Cardiovasc. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.666638"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mikhail, A., Brown, C., Williams, J.A., Mathrani, V., Shrivastava, R., Evans, J., Isaac, H., and Bhandari, S. (2017). Renal association clinical practice guideline on Anaemia of Chronic Kidney Disease. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0688-1"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stauffer, M.E., and Fan, T. (2014). Prevalence of anemia in chronic kidney disease in the United States. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0084943"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Murdeshwar, H.N., and Anjum, F. (2025). Hemodialysis, StatPearls."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-022-00542-7","article-title":"Epidemiology of haemodialysis outcomes","volume":"18","author":"Bello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung, H.Y., Jeon, Y., Kim, Y.S., Kang, S.W., Yang, C.W., Kim, N.H., Noh, H.W., Jeon, S.J., Lim, J.H., and Choi, J.Y. (2022). Sex disparities in mortality among patients with kidney failure receiving dialysis. Sci. Rep., 12.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-16163-w"},{"key":"ref_129","first-page":"256","article-title":"Effects of Carvedilol on Cardiovascular Events and Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients, A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Iran. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maki, K.C., Wilcox, M.L., Dicklin, M.R., Kakkar, R., and Davidson, M.H. (2022). Left ventricular mass regression, all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in chronic kidney disease: A meta-analysis. BMC Nephrol., 23.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-022-02666-1"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.1999.00273.x","article-title":"Inflammation enhances cardiovascular risk and mortality in hemodialysis patients","volume":"55","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ebert, T., Pawelzik, S.C., Witasp, A., Arefin, S., Hobson, S., Kublickiene, K., Shiels, P.G., Back, M., and Stenvinkel, P. (2020). Inflammation and Premature Ageing in Chronic Kidney Disease. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040227"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulrich, C., Wildgrube, S., Fiedler, R., Seibert, E., Kneser, L., Fick, S., Schafer, C., Markau, S., Trojanowicz, B., and Girndt, M. (2020). NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Hemodialysis and Hypertensive Patients with Intact Kidney Function. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12110675"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9327136","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9327136","article-title":"High Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Chronic Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"2017","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ackd.2018.10.005","article-title":"Current Concepts in Hemodialysis Vascular Access Infections","volume":"26","author":"Kumbar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_136","first-page":"CD013554","article-title":"Interventions for treating catheter-related bloodstream infections in people receiving maintenance haemodialysis","volume":"4","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1590\/2175-8239-jbn-3857","article-title":"Polymorphism related to cardiovascular risk in hemodialysis subjects: A systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Balbino","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Bras. Nefrol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1159\/000450802","article-title":"Optimal Design of Dialyzers","volume":"189","author":"Mineshima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Contrib. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"149","article-title":"Mechanisms of hypersensitivity reactions during hemodialysis","volume":"31","author":"Lemke","year":"1985","journal-title":"Trans.-Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-4758.2011.00553.x","article-title":"Anaphylactic reaction induced by a polysulfone\/polyvinylpyrrolidone membrane in the 10th session of hemodialysis with the same dialyzer","volume":"15","author":"Pinheiro","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hemodial. Int."},{"key":"ref_141","first-page":"4","article-title":"Acute reactions to polysulfone\/polyethersulfone dialysers: Literature review and management","volume":"75","author":"Boer","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neth. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2010.09.005","article-title":"The biocompatibility and separation performance of antioxidative polysulfone\/vitamin E TPGS composite hollow fiber membranes","volume":"32","author":"Dahe","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kohlov\u00e1, M., Rocha, S., Gomes Amorim, C., de Nova Ara\u00fajo, A., Santos-Silva, A., Solich, P., and Branco da Silva Montenegro, M.C. (2020). Doping Polysulfone Membrane with Alpha-Tocopherol and Alpha-Lipoic Acid for Suppressing Oxidative Stress Induced by Hemodialysis Treatment. Macromol. Biosci., 20.","DOI":"10.1002\/mabi.202000046"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.memsci.2007.06.038","article-title":"Antioxidation property of vitamin E-coated polysulfone dialysis membrane and recovery of oxidized vitamin E by vitamin C treatment","volume":"302","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Membr. Sci."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1159\/000321369","article-title":"A vitamin E-coated polysulfone membrane reduces serum levels of inflammatory markers and resistance to erythropoietin-stimulating agents in hemodialysis patients: Results of a randomized cross-over multicenter trial","volume":"32","author":"Panichi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_146","unstructured":"Amorim, C., Montenegro, M., Araujo, A., Kohlov\u00e1, M., Solich, P., and Zelena, L. (2018, January 26\u201327). Preparation of Polysulfone Membrane with \u03b1-Tocopherol and \u03b1 Lipoic acid to Reduce Oxidative Stress. Proceedings of the 9th Meeting of Division of Analytical Chemistry, Porto, Portugal."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1159\/000533656","article-title":"Alleviation of Oxidative Stress during Hemodialysis Sessions by Hemodialysis Membrane Innovation: A Multidisciplinary Perspective","volume":"52","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000443340","article-title":"The complement system in hemodialysis patients: Getting to the heart of the matter","volume":"132","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xkme.2021.04.006","article-title":"Hemodialysis-related complement and contact pathway activation and cardiovascular risk: A narrative review","volume":"3","author":"Skinner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Kidney Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy174","article-title":"Cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients","volume":"33","author":"Cozzolino","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.66028.x","article-title":"The differential impact of risk factors on mortality in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis","volume":"66","author":"Vonesh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chander, S., Luhana, S., Sadarat, F., Parkash, O., Rahaman, Z., Wang, H.Y., Kiran, F., Lohana, A.C., Sapna, F., and Kumari, R. (2024). Mortality and mode of dialysis: Meta-analysis and systematic review. BMC Nephrol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-023-03435-4"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"CD013800","article-title":"Peritoneal dialysis versus haemodialysis for people commencing dialysis","volume":"6","author":"Ethier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912595","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/912595","article-title":"Inflammation and the peritoneal membrane: Causes and impact on structure and function during peritoneal dialysis","volume":"2012","author":"Baroni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2294","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006121417","article-title":"Peritoneal changes after exposure to sterile solutions by catheter","volume":"18","author":"Flessner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"785","article-title":"Chronic inflammation increases risk in hemodialysis patients","volume":"19","author":"Razeghi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saudi J. Kidney Dis. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1159\/000014420","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in hemodialysis: The role of contaminated dialysate","volume":"18","author":"Lonnemann","year":"2000","journal-title":"Blood Purif."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfy175","article-title":"Chronic inflammation in end-stage renal disease and dialysis","volume":"33","author":"Cobo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.1053\/ajkd.2001.29280","article-title":"Oxidative stress and inflammation in hemodialysis patients","volume":"38","author":"Spittle","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., and Gao, L. (2022). Inflammation and cardiovascular disease associated with hemodialysis for end-stage renal disease. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.800950"},{"key":"ref_161","first-page":"8632245","article-title":"Effect of a hemodialysis session on markers of inflammation and endotoxin","volume":"2022","author":"Dheda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2020.8184","article-title":"Inflammation and oxidative stress in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients","volume":"35","author":"Ebert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1007\/s42765-023-00277-5","article-title":"Advances in enhancing hemocompatibility of hemodialysis hollow-fiber membranes","volume":"5","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Fiber Mater."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motofelea, A.C., Mihaescu, A., Olariu, N., Marc, L., Chisavu, L., Pop, G.N., Crintea, A., Jura, A.M.C., Ivan, V.M., and Apostol, A. (2025). Machine Learning Models for Predicting Mortality in Hemodialysis Patients: A Systematic Review. Appl. Sci., 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/app15105776"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/7\/345\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:07:41Z","timestamp":1760033261000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/7\/345"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]},"references-count":164,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins17070345"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17070345","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,10]]}}}