{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T17:39:43Z","timestamp":1790098783036,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]],"date-time":"2025-07-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1752624000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009053","name":"DBT\/Wellcome Trust India Alliance Fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA\/I\/19\/2\/504647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebite remains the most neglected tropical disease globally, with India experiencing the highest rates of mortality and morbidity. While most envenomation cases in India are attributed to the \u2018big four\u2019 snakes, research has predominantly focused on Russell\u2019s viper (Daboia russelii), spectacled cobra (Naja naja), and common krait (Bungarus caeruleus), leading to a considerable gap in our understanding of saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus carinatus) venoms. For instance, the venom gland transcriptome and inter- and intra-population venom variation in E. c. carinatus have largely remained uninvestigated. A single study to date has assessed the effectiveness of commercial antivenoms against this species under in vivo conditions. To address these crucial knowledge gaps, we conducted a detailed investigation of E. c. carinatus venom and reported the first venom gland transcriptome. A proteotranscriptomic evaluation revealed snake venom metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, L-amino acid oxidases, phospholipase A2s, and snake venom serine proteases as the major toxins. Moreover, we assessed the intra-population venom variation in this species using an array of biochemical analyses. Finally, we determined the venom toxicity and the neutralising efficacy of a commercial antivenom using a murine model of snake envenoming. Our results provide a thorough molecular and functional profile of E. c. carinatus venom.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17070353","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,17]],"date-time":"2025-07-17T11:25:17Z","timestamp":1752751517000},"page":"353","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Explaining Echis: Proteotranscriptomic Profiling of Echis carinatus carinatus Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Salil","family":"Javed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prasad Gopalkrishna","family":"Gond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5822-6673","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arpan","family":"Samanta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajinkya","family":"Unawane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9042-7234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muralidhar Nayak","family":"Mudavath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4714-3135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anurag","family":"Jaglan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0998-1581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kartik","family":"Sunagar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Evolutionary Venomics Lab, Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1163\/156853809788201090","article-title":"A Preliminary Analysis of Phylogenetic Relationships and Biogeography of the Dangerously Venomous Carpet Vipers, Echis (Squamata, Serpentes, Viperidae) Based on Mitochondrial DNA Sequences","volume":"30","author":"Arnold","year":"2009","journal-title":"Amphib-Reptil"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Campbell, J.A., and Lamar, W.W. 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