{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:32:23Z","timestamp":1783110743147,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are known to inhibit synaptic transmission by targeting SNARE proteins, but their selectivity toward central excitatory and inhibitory pathways is not yet fully understood. In this study, the interaction of serotypes A (BoNT\/A) and B (BoNT\/B) with the glutamatergic and GABAergic systems has been investigated using a pharmacological approach in an animal model of inflammatory pain, i.e., the formalin test in mice. BoNTs were administered intracerebroventricularly, three days before testing, followed 15 min before testing by systemic administration of sub-analgesic doses of MK801, an NMDA receptor antagonist, or muscimol, a GABA_A receptor agonist. BoNT\/A reduced the second phase of the formalin test without affecting both the first phase and the interphase, suggesting a selective action on excitatory glutamatergic circuits while sparing GABAergic inhibition. Co-administration of MK801 with BoNT\/A did not enhance analgesia, and muscimol did not further reduce interphase, confirming preserved GABAergic transmission. In contrast, BoNT\/B abolished the interphase, consistent with impaired GABA release. Co-administration of MK801 or muscimol with BoNT\/B restored the interphase, indicating compensatory rebalancing of excitatory-inhibitory networks. These results demonstrate that BoNT\/A and BoNT\/B exert distinct effects on central neurotransmission and support the hypothesis that BoNT\/A preferentially targets excitatory synapses, while BoNT\/B targets inhibitory synapses. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of anti-inflammatory mechanisms of BoNTs and their selective interaction with central pain pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17080374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]],"date-time":"2025-07-28T14:05:47Z","timestamp":1753711547000},"page":"374","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Pharmacological Interaction of Botulinum Neurotoxins with Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurotransmitter Systems Involved in the Modulation of Inflammatory Pain"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Marinelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Research Council of Italy, via Ercole Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5189-2748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaminia","family":"Pavone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Research Council of Italy, via Ercole Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1399-2152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Siro","family":"Luvisetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biochemistry and Cellular Biology, National Research Council of Italy, via Ercole Ramarini 32, 00015 Monterotondo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108668","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2024.108668","article-title":"Neurobiological mechanisms of botulinum neurotoxin-induced analgesia for neuropathic pain","volume":"259","author":"Bagues","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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