{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T12:24:09Z","timestamp":1793276649587,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32260135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260135"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["31960199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960199"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["20232ACB206063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206063"]}]},{"name":"The Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["32260135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260135"]}]},{"name":"The Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["31960199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960199"]}]},{"name":"The Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20232ACB206063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Differences in venom within snake species can affect the efficacy of antivenom, but how this variation manifests across broad geographical scales remains poorly understood. Naja atra envenoming causes severe morbidity in China, yet whether intraspecific venom variation exists across mainland regions is unknown. We collected venom samples from seven biogeographical regions (spanning &gt; 2000 km latitude). Venom lethality, systemic toxicity (organ damage biomarkers and coagulopathy), and histopathology of major organs were assessed. Neutralization by antivenom and label-free quantitative proteomics (LC-MS\/MS) were also performed. The results revealed a non-uniform LD50, with venom from Yunnan exhibiting the highest lethality (2.1-fold higher than venom from Zhejiang, p &lt; 0.001). Commercial antivenom showed lower neutralization efficacy against the venom from the Yunnan, Guangxi, and Guangdong regions. Regarding organ damage and coagulopathy, venom from Yunnan caused severe liver damage, while venom from the Zhejiang region induced significant coagulopathy. Finally, proteomic profiles identified 175 proteins: venom from Yunnan was dominated by phospholipases, contrasting with eastern regions (Anhui\/Zhejiang: cytotoxins CTXs &gt; 30%). Venom from Guangdong contained higher levels of the weak neurotoxin NNAM2 (5.2%). Collectively, significant geographical divergence exists in Chinese Cobra venom composition, systemic toxicity, and antivenom susceptibility, driven by differential expression of key toxins. Our study provides a molecular basis for precision management of snakebites, and we call for optimized antivenom production tailored to regional variations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17080404","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]],"date-time":"2025-08-12T16:30:36Z","timestamp":1755016236000},"page":"404","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Geographic Variation in Venom Proteome and Toxicity Profiles of Chinese Naja atra: Implications for Antivenom Optimization"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3444-4870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianqi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Queen Mary School, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyao","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"The First Clinical Medical College, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Examination Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1042-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"611","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160577","article-title":"Venomics: Integrative venom proteomics and beyond","volume":"474","author":"Calvete","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. 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