{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T15:26:09Z","timestamp":1793201169101,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1755734400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"BI\u014cNTE\u00ae Quimit\u014dx\u00ae Plus BI\u014cNTE Nutrition S.L.","award":["M16SYN2-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M16SYN2-00228"]}]},{"name":"BI\u014cNTE\u00ae Quimit\u014dx\u00ae Plus BI\u014cNTE Nutrition S.L.","award":["7343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7343"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union","award":["M16SYN2-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M16SYN2-00228"]}]},{"name":"Greece and the European Union","award":["7343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7343"]}]},{"name":"Thessaly eco-dairy farms","award":["M16SYN2-00228"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["M16SYN2-00228"]}]},{"name":"Thessaly eco-dairy farms","award":["7343"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7343"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mycotoxins are common feed contaminants that can affect the health, immune function, and productivity of ruminants by causing oxidative stress and organ dysfunction. In this field study, the effects of a phytogenic multicomponent mycotoxin detoxifier on oxidative status, liver function, udder health, and productive parameters were investigated in dairy ewes. One hundred clinically healthy ewes were randomly assigned to either a control group or a treatment group, with the latter receiving 1.5 kg\/ton of the detoxifier over a 90-day period during lactation. The detoxifying agent contained adsorptive clays as well as phytogenic ingredients such as silymarin and curcumin, which are known for their hepatoprotective and antioxidant properties. Blood, milk, and colostrum samples were collected and analyzed for oxidative stress markers (TBARS and protein carbonyl (CARBS)), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), liver enzymes (ALT, AST, and ALP), and milk quality parameters (fat, protein, and solid content). Clinical assessments included mastitis scoring, udder inflammation, and fecal consistency. The treated ewes showed a statistically significant reduction in blood plasma and milk oxidative stress markers and liver enzyme levels while at the same time improving the fat and solid content of the milk. The incidence and severity of mastitis, udder reddening, and lactation abnormalities were lower in the treatment group. Brix refractometry indicated improved colostrum quality in the treated ewes. These results suggest that the detoxifier improved the oxidative balance, liver function, and overall health and productivity of dairy ewes under field conditions, supporting its use as a practical nutritional measure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17080425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]],"date-time":"2025-08-21T08:02:44Z","timestamp":1755763364000},"page":"425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Effects of a Phytogenic Mycotoxin Detoxifier on Oxidative Status, Health, and Performance in Dairy Sheep"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3434-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios I.","family":"Papakonstantinou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-3718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christos","family":"Eliopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), 14123 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2862-7182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleftherios","family":"Meletis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5958-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insaf","family":"Riahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"BI\u014cNTE Animal Nutrition, 43204 Reus, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-6032-8229","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evangelos-Georgios","family":"Stampinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology & Embryology, Veterinary School, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6526-5945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Arapoglou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Technology of Agricultural Products, Hellenic Agricultural Organization-Demeter (HAO-Demeter), 14123 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9229-3151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Gougoulis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2370-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantina","family":"Dimoveli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Filippou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Cooperative of Cattle Breeders and Sheep Breeders Western Thessaly, 43060 Thessaly, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandros","family":"Manouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Agricultural Cooperative of Cattle Breeders and Sheep Breeders Western Thessaly, 43060 Thessaly, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos","family":"Tsekouras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1944-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lampros","family":"Fotos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7051-1541","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Polychronis","family":"Kostoulas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Public and One Health, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2692-8910","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgios","family":"Christodoulopoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 11855 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4955-0460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vasileios G.","family":"Papatsiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1590","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2011.595377","article-title":"Review of Mycotoxin Reduction in Food and Feed: From Prevention in the Field to Detoxification by Adsorption or Transformation","volume":"28","author":"Jard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2007.06.009","article-title":"Methods for Preventing, Decontaminating and Minimizing the Toxicity of Mycotoxins in Feeds","volume":"137","author":"Jouany","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390500436185","article-title":"Strategies to Prevent Mycotoxin Contamination of Food and Animal Feed: A Review","volume":"46","author":"Kabak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/s40813-018-0102-9","article-title":"Effects of Feeding Naturally Contaminated Deoxynivalenol Diets to Sows during Late Gestation and Lactation in a High-Yield Specific Pathogen-Free Herd","volume":"4","author":"Sayyari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Porc. Health Manag."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benthem de Grave, X., Saltzmann, J., Laurain, J., Rodriguez, M.A., Molist, F., D\u00e4nicke, S., and Santos, R.R. (2021). The Ability of an Al-goclay-Based Mycotoxin Decontaminant to Decrease the Serum Levels of Zearalenone and Its Metabolites in Lactating Sows. Front. Vet. Sci., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.704796"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.2165\/00063030-200115070-00005","article-title":"Silymarin: A Review of Its Clinical Properties in the Management of Hepatic Disorders","volume":"15","author":"Wellington","year":"2001","journal-title":"BioDrugs"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1969-2440","article-title":"Use of Milk Thistle in Farm and Companion Animals: A Review","volume":"89","author":"Tedesco","year":"2023","journal-title":"Planta Medica"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1093\/ecam\/nep164","article-title":"Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects of silibinin in a rat model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"2011","author":"Haddad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1684\/ecn.2013.0341","article-title":"Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Hepatoprotective Effects of Silymarin on Hepatic Dysfunction Induced by Sodium Nitrite","volume":"24","author":"Sherif","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Cytokine Netw."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxy114","article-title":"Dietary silymarin supplementation alleviates zearalenone-induced hepatotoxicity and reproductive toxicity in rats","volume":"148","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1080\/1828051X.2018.1548310","article-title":"Effects of silymarin on productive performance; liver function and serum biochemical profile in broiler Japanese quail challenged with dietary aflatoxins","volume":"18","author":"Khaleghipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ital. J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2019.2432","article-title":"Selected Herbal Feed Additives Showing Protective Effects against Ochratoxin A Toxicosis in Broiler Chicks","volume":"12","author":"Stoev","year":"2019","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.14715\/cmb\/2019.66.1.13","article-title":"Effects of Silymarin on milk production; liver enzymes; oxidative status and HSP70 gene expression in postparturient Sanjabi ewes","volume":"66","author":"Khamisabadi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612825666190402163940","article-title":"Ethnobotany, Phytochemistry and Traditional Uses of Curcuma spp. and Pharmacological Profile of Two Important Species (C.\u00a0longa and C.\u00a0zedoaria): A Review","volume":"25","author":"Ayati","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anifeedsci.2018.10.010","article-title":"Addition of curcumin to the diet of dairy sheep improves health; performance and milk quality","volume":"246","author":"Jaguezeski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. Feed Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"7","article-title":"Addition of Curcumin in Dairy Sheep Diet in the Control of Subclinical Mastitis","volume":"46","author":"Jaguezeski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Sci. Vet."},{"key":"ref_17","unstructured":"European Commission (2019). European Commission Directive 2002\/32\/EC of The European Parliament and of The Council of 7 May 2002 on Undesirable Substances in Animal Feed. Off. J. Eur. Union, L289, 32\u201336."},{"key":"ref_18","unstructured":"European Commission (2006). Commission Recommendation of 17 August 2006 on the presence of deoxynivalenol; zearalenone; ochratoxin A; T-2 and HT-2 and fumonisins in products intended for animal feeding. Off. J. Eur. Union, L229, 7\u20139."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"European Commission (2013). Commission Recommendation of 27 March 2013 on the presence of T-2 and HT-2 toxin in cereals and cereal products. Off. J. Eur. Union, L91, 12\u201315."},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_20.1","unstructured":"European Commission (2011). Commission Regulation (EU) No 574\/2011 of 16 June 2011 amending Annex I to Directive 2002\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum levels for nitrite"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_20.2","unstructured":"European Commission (2011). Commission Regulation"},{"key":"#cr-split#-ref_20.3","unstructured":"(EU) No 574\/2011 of 16 June 2011 amending Annex I to Directive 2002\/32\/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council as regards maximum levels for nitrite; melamine; Ambrosia spp. and carry-over of certain coccidiostats and histomonostats and consolidating Annexes I and II thereto. Off. J. Eur. Union, L159, 7-24."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2007.12.034","article-title":"The role of mycotoxins in the health and performance of dairy cows","volume":"176","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.3920\/WMJ2013.1577","article-title":"Mycotoxin Syndrome in Dairy Cattle: Characterisation and Intervention Results","volume":"7","author":"Santos","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Mycotoxin J."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fiorbelli, E., Lapris, M., Errico, M., Della Badia, A., Riahi, I., Rocchetti, G., and Gallo, A. (2024). Mycotoxin Challenge in Dairy Cows: Assessment of the Efficacy of an Anti-Mycotoxin Agent by Adopting an In Vitro Rumen Simulation Method. Toxins, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16110490"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11314","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-18197","article-title":"A mycotoxin-deactivating feed additive counteracts the adverse effects of regular levels of Fusarium mycotoxins in dairy cows","volume":"103","author":"Gallo","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stanford, K., Swift, M.L., Wang, Y., McAllister, T.A., McKinnon, J., Blakley, B., and Chaves, A.V. (2018). Effects of Feeding a Mycotoxin Binder on Nutrient Digestibility, Alkaloid Recovery in Feces, and Performance of Lambs Fed Diets Contaminated with Cereal Ergot. Toxins, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins10080312"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loh, Z.H., Ouwerkerk, D., Klieve, A.V., Hungerford, N.L., and Fletcher, M.T. (2020). Toxin Degradation by Rumen Microorganisms: A Review. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100664"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jscs.2010.06.006","article-title":"Impact of Mycotoxins on Humans and Animals","volume":"15","author":"Zain","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Saudi Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3057","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7083057","article-title":"Review on Mycotoxin Issues in Ruminants: Occurrence in Forages, Effects of Mycotoxin Ingestion on Health Status and Animal Performance and Practical Strategies to Counteract Their Negative Effects","volume":"7","author":"Gallo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2007-0162","article-title":"Effects of Feedborne Fusarium Mycotoxins on the Performance, Metabolism, and Immunity of Dairy Cows","volume":"90","author":"Korosteleva","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4997","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2008-1684","article-title":"The transfer of aflatoxin M1 in milk of ewes fed diet naturally contaminated by aflatoxins and effect of inclusion of dried yeast culture in the diet","volume":"92","author":"Battacone","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2656","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2011-5003","article-title":"Excretion pattern of aflatoxin M1 in milk of goats fed a single dose of aflatoxin B1","volume":"95","author":"Battacone","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","first-page":"981","article-title":"The Relationship between Lameness, Fertility and Aflatoxin in a Dairy Cattle Herd","volume":"29","author":"Altunatmaz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"Rios, C. (2015). Silage Penicillium Mycotoxins: Hidden Modulators of the Immune System. Mycotoxins: Occurrence, Toxicology and Management Strategies, Nova Science Publishers."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030500058320","article-title":"Immunotoxicological Risk of Mycotoxins for Domestic Animals","volume":"22","author":"Oswald","year":"2005","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.3844\/ajavsp.2023.292.303","article-title":"Study of Mastitis Incidence in Cows of Dairy Farms in East Kazakhstan: Impacts of Nutrition, Endometritis, and Myxotoxin Contamination","volume":"18","author":"Mukhamadieva","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Anim. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins6020430","article-title":"The impact of Fusarium mycotoxins on human health and animal host susceptibility to infectious diseases","volume":"6","author":"Antonissen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1080\/109374000281113","article-title":"Immunomodulation by fungal toxins","volume":"3","author":"Bondy","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health B"},{"key":"ref_38","unstructured":"Gupta, R.C. (2012). Trichothecenes. Veterinary Toxicology: Basic and Clinical Principles, Academic Press. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"502","article-title":"Opportunities for sheep welfare improvement by silymarin additive\u2013a review article","volume":"28","author":"Bozakova","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bulg. J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaguezeski, A.M., G\u00fcndel, S.S., Favarin, F.R., G\u00fcndel, A., Souza, C.F., Baldissera, M.D., Cazarotto, C.C., Volpato, A., Fortuoso, B.F., and Ourique, A.F. (2019). Low-dose curcumin-loaded Eudragit L100-nanocapsules in the diet of dairy sheep increases antioxidant levels and reduces lipid peroxidation in milk. J. Food Biochem., 43.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.12942"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1071\/AN11205","article-title":"Effect of mycotoxin deactivator product supplementation on dairy cows","volume":"52","author":"Kiyothong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anim. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.5194\/aab-59-293-2016","article-title":"Chemical, physical and technological properties of milk as affected by the mycotoxin load of dairy herds","volume":"59","author":"Krizova","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Anim. Breed."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2438","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2020-19020","article-title":"Short communication: Comparative estimation of colostrum quality by Brix refractometry in bovine; caprine; and ovine colostrum","volume":"104","author":"Kessler","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2014-8414","article-title":"Effects of Sulla Forage (Sulla\u00a0coronarium L.) on the Oxidative Status and Milk Polyphenol Content in Goats","volume":"98","author":"Bonanno","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2003.11.009","article-title":"Effect of Diet Finishing Mode (Pasture or Mixed Diet) on Antioxidant Status of Charolais Bovine Meat","volume":"67","author":"Gatellier","year":"2004","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.3109\/08923973.2010.514917","article-title":"Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress in Ruminant Medicine","volume":"33","author":"Celi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunopharmacol. Immunotoxicol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Celi, P., and Gabai, G. (2015). Oxidant\/Antioxidant Balance in Animal Nutrition and Health: The Role of Protein Oxidation. Front. Vet. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00048"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smallrumres.2019.10.014","article-title":"Use of Digital Brix Refractometer to Estimate Total Protein Levels in Santa In\u00eas Ewes\u2019 Colostrum and Lambs\u2019 Blood Serum","volume":"182","author":"Santiago","year":"2020","journal-title":"Small Rumin. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105988","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2023.105988","article-title":"Defining optimal thresholds for digital Brix refractometry to determine IgG concentration in ewe colostrum and lamb serum in Scottish lowland sheep flocks","volume":"218","author":"Hamer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prev. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"Dwyer, C., Ruiz, R., Beltran de Heredia, I., Canali, E., Barbieri, S., and Zanella, A. (2025, July 18). AWIN Welfare Assessment Protocol For Sheep; AWIN Project. 2015. Available online: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.13130\/AWIN_sheep_2015."},{"key":"ref_51","unstructured":"Cabaret, J., Gonnord, V., Cortet, J., Sauv\u00e9, C., Ballet, J., Tournadre, H., and Benoit, M. (2006, January 30\u201331). Indicators for internal parasitic infections in organic flocks: The diarrhoea score (DISCO) proposal for lambs. Proceedings of the Joint Organic Congress, Odense, Denmark. Available online: https:\/\/orgprints.org\/id\/eprint\/7243\/."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.12.024","article-title":"Towards finding effective indicators (diarrhoea and anaemia scores and weight gains) for the implementation of targeted selective treatment against the gastro-intestinal nematodes in lambs in a steppic environment","volume":"1","author":"Bentounsi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Phythian, C.J., Michalopoulou, E., and Duncan, J.S. (2019). Assessing the Validity of Animal-Based Indicators of Sheep Health and Welfare: Do Observers Agree?. Agriculture, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture9050088"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.09.028","article-title":"What should we be measuring in behavioral studies of chronic pain in animals?","volume":"112","author":"Mogil","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2004.01.011","article-title":"Behavioural responses of lambs to common painful husbandry procedures","volume":"87","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2014.07.008","article-title":"Social context and other factors influence the behavioural expression of pain by lambs","volume":"159","author":"Guesgen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing, R Foundation for Statistical Computing."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/8\/425\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:32:27Z","timestamp":1760034747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/8\/425"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins17080425"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17080425","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,21]]}}}