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This study developed a nucleic acid aptamer biosensor using graphene oxide (GO) as a fluorescence quencher for STX detection. GO was combined with M30-f, an STX nucleic acid aptamer modification with 5-carboxyfluorescein, which can produce fluorescence absorption under the conditions of an excitation wavelength of 408 nm and emission wavelength of 515 nm. Based on the principle of fluorescence resonance energy transfer, the fluorescence of M30-f was quenched. In the presence of STX, M30-f specifically binds to STX and dissociates from the GO surface, thereby restoring fluorescence. The STX content can be quantitatively detected through differences in fluorescence absorption. The influence of ultrasonic time on the fluorescence quenching ability of GO was investigated. The aqueous solution of graphene oxide, 30GO, optimized by ultrasound treatment for a duration of 30 min, demonstrated excellent fluorescence quenching capability. 30GO was analyzed utilizing various characterization techniques, including SEM, FT-IR, UV, XPS, XRD, AFM, and contact angle measurements. The methodological validation showed that the established STX sensor exhibits excellent linearity within a concentration range of 10\u2013100,000 ng\/L, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 0.098 \u03bcg\/L. In addition, the results further demonstrated the sensor\u2019s high specificity for detecting neurotoxic shellfish toxin STX. The recovery rate for clam samples ranged from 89.12% to 104.71%, while that for oyster samples ranged from 91.20% to 109.65%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) all below 3%. This aptamer sensor is characterized by its simplicity, high sensitivity, and broad detection range, providing significant technical support for advancing marine biotoxin research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17090430","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]],"date-time":"2025-08-28T15:03:14Z","timestamp":1756393394000},"page":"430","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Rapid Detection of Saxitoxin Using a Nucleic Acid Aptamer Biosensor Based on Graphene Oxide as a Fluorescence Quencher"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Jiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 157012, China"},{"name":"Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2862-1242","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Liqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Ultrafast Optical Science and Technology, Xi\u2019an Institute of Optics and Precision Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi\u2019an 710119, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junping","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 157012, China"},{"name":"Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuhang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7193-0537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianhua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hengchao","family":"E","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 157012, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Mudanjiang Normal University, Mudanjiang 157012, China"},{"name":"Institute for Agro-Food Standards and Testing Technology, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 201403, China"},{"name":"School of Science, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou 014010, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4044","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00353-08","article-title":"Biosynthetic Intermediate Analysis and Functional Homology Reveal a Saxitoxin Gene Cluster in Cyanobacteria","volume":"74","author":"Kellmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. 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