{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:14:39Z","timestamp":1793240079158,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756944000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Zunyi Industrial and Science Technology Bureau -Zunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Scientific Research Funding Project","award":["No. Zunshi Kehe HZ [2024] 99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. Zunshi Kehe HZ [2024] 99"]}]},{"name":"Zunyi Industrial and Science Technology Bureau -Zunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention Joint Scientific Research Funding Project","award":["QKHJC-[2024] QingNian325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC-[2024] QingNian325"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Plan Foundation","award":["No. Zunshi Kehe HZ [2024] 99"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. Zunshi Kehe HZ [2024] 99"]}]},{"name":"Guizhou Provincial Science and Technology Plan Foundation","award":["QKHJC-[2024] QingNian325"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QKHJC-[2024] QingNian325"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Wild mushroom poisoning is an emerging global food safety issue, especially in subtropical regions like southwestern China, where incidents are geographically clustered. Current detection methods are often time-consuming and overlook region-specific toxins. We developed a rapid, sensitive, and accurate method for the simultaneous detection of ten characteristic mushroom toxins prevalent in Guizhou, China. The method combines graphite multi-walled carbon nanotubes (G-MWCNTs) for sample preparation with Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). Wild mushroom samples were extracted via ultrasonic-assisted methanol\u2013water extraction, purified using G-MWCNTs, and separated on a Hypersil GOLD C18 column (100 mm \u00d7 2.1 mm, 1.9 \u03bcm). Gradient elution was performed with 0.1% formic acid + 0.01% ammonia and acetonitrile; quantification used the external standard method. The method achieved LODs of 0.005\u20130.2 mg\/kg and LOQs of 0.015\u20130.6 mg\/kg, with RSDs below 18.11% and excellent linearity (R2 = 0.9936\u20130.9989). Among 45 wild mushroom samples, toxin levels ranged from 0.032 to 445.10 mg\/kg, with a detection rate of 22.22%, suggesting notable poisoning risk. This method reduces pretreatment time while ensuring high analytical performance, offering a reliable tool for rapid toxin screening and supporting regional surveillance of wild mushroom poisoning.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17090445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]],"date-time":"2025-09-04T15:31:21Z","timestamp":1756999881000},"page":"445","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Application of Graphitized Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Combined with Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Rapid Detection of Ten Toxins in Wild Mushrooms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5011-1505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Basic Medicine, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5469-937X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shengnan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruonan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yunhui","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7218-4632","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zunyi Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zunyi 563000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2016.07.024","article-title":"Screening of polypeptide toxins as adulteration markers in the food containing wild edible mushroom by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry","volume":"71","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbosa, I., Domingues, C., Barbosa, R.M., and Ramos, F. 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