{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T03:28:45Z","timestamp":1790998125793,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture, U.S. Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["7000326"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7000326"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Food Research Institute at the University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), the most potent and widespread mycotoxin produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus, poses a significant global threat to food safety and human health, with chronic exposure strongly linked to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While physical and chemical detoxification approaches exist, their limitations have led to an increased interest in biological strategies, particularly probiotic interventions. In this review, we synthesize current in vivo and clinical evidence on the ability of probiotic lactic acid bacteria\u2014including Lactobacillus casei Shirota, Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705, Lactococcus lactis, and selected Bifidobacterium species\u2014to reduce AFB1 absorption and toxicity. We summarize mechanistic insights into cell wall adsorption, gut microbiota modulation, intestinal barrier protection, and antioxidant enhancement. Clinical trials have shown reductions in AFB1 biomarkers following probiotic supplementation, supporting their translational potential for human health. However, clinical evidence remains limited by small sample sizes, short intervention periods, and variability in endpoints. Collectively, this review consolidates mechanistic, preclinical, and clinical findings to position probiotic lactic acid bacteria as promising biological countermeasures against AFB1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17100482","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:31:28Z","timestamp":1758875488000},"page":"482","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Comprehensive Review of Dietary Probiotics in Reducing Aflatoxin B1 Toxicity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Dasol","family":"Choi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-6355-9172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xingrui","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6530-8407","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jae-Hyuk","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Research Institute, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00769561","article-title":"Mycotoxins, mycotoxicoses, mycotoxicology and Mycopathologia","volume":"100","author":"Bennett","year":"1987","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-016-0239-9","article-title":"Changes in serum cytokine levels, hepatic and intestinal morphology in aflatoxin B1-induced injury: Modulatory roles of melatonin and flavonoid-rich fractions from Chromolena odorata","volume":"32","author":"Akinrinmade","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"12","article-title":"Fungi down on the farm","volume":"1445","author":"Mannon","year":"1985","journal-title":"New Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2773","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2019.1658570","article-title":"Worldwide contamination of food-crops with mycotoxins: Validity of the widely cited \u2018FAO estimate\u2019 of 25%","volume":"60","author":"Eskola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2009.04217.x","article-title":"Key role of teichoic acids on aflatoxin B binding by probiotic bacteria","volume":"107","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1080\/mmy.38.s1.17.22","article-title":"Toxigenic fungi: Which are important?","volume":"38","author":"Pitt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.047","article-title":"Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment","volume":"60","author":"Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7021","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04494","article-title":"A Concise History of Mycotoxin Research","volume":"65","author":"Pitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ayman Hafiz Amer, E. (2012). Aflatoxin Contamination in Foods and Feeds: A Special Focus on Africa. Trends in Vital Food and Control Engineering, IntechOpen.","DOI":"10.5772\/2354"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9302","article-title":"Workgroup report: Public health strategies for reducing aflatoxin exposure in developing countries","volume":"114","author":"Strosnider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liew, W.P., and Mohd-Redzwan, S. (2018). Mycotoxin: Its Impact on Gut Health and Microbiota. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00060"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, P., Gupta, A., Mahato, D.K., Pandhi, S., Pandey, A.K., Kargwal, R., Mishra, S., Suhag, R., Sharma, N., and Saurabh, V. (2022). Aflatoxins in Cereals and Cereal-Based Products: Occurrence, Toxicity, Impact on Human Health, and Their Detoxification and Management Strategies. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14100687"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/80.5.1106","article-title":"Human aflatoxicosis in developing countries: A review of toxicology, exposure, potential health consequences, and interventions","volume":"80","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.3109\/10408444.2011.575766","article-title":"Aflatoxins and growth impairment: A review","volume":"41","author":"Khlangwiset","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prp.2014.06.001","article-title":"Toxopathological and cytogenetic effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on pregnant rats","volume":"210","author":"Fetaih","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pathol. Res. Pract."},{"key":"ref_16","unstructured":"International Agency for Research on Cancer (1993). IARC Monographs on Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risk to Humans: Some Naturally Occurring Substances: Food Items and Constituents, Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines and Mycotoxins, International Agency for Research on Cancer."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhammad, I., Sun, X., Wang, H., Li, W., Wang, X., Cheng, P., Li, S., Zhang, X., and Hamid, S. (2017). Curcumin successfully inhibited the computationally identified cyp2a6 enzyme-mediated bioactivation of aflatoxin b1 in arbor acres broiler. Front. Pharmacol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2017.00143"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007130923558","article-title":"Increased cytotoxicity of food-borne mycotoxins toward human cell lines in vitro via enhanced cytochrome p450 expression using the MTT bioassay","volume":"148","author":"Lewis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mycopathologia"},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"188","article-title":"Molecular fingerprints of environmental carcinogens in human cancer","volume":"33","author":"Ceccaroli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health C Environ. Carcinog. Ecotoxicol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1111\/liv.12460","article-title":"The p53 mutation spectrum in hepatocellular carcinoma from Guangxi, China: Role of chronic hepatitis B virus infection and aflatoxin B1 exposure","volume":"35","author":"Qi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Liver Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1038\/350429a0","article-title":"Selective G to T mutations of p53 gene in hepatocellular carcinoma from southern Africa","volume":"350","author":"Bressac","year":"1991","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/17.6.471","article-title":"The toxicology of aflatoxins as a basis for public health decisions","volume":"17","author":"Wild","year":"2002","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.102167699","article-title":"The aflatoxin B(1) formamidopyrimidine adduct plays a major role in causing the types of mutations observed in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"99","author":"Smela","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2166","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1210279","article-title":"TP53 mutations and hepatocellular carcinoma: Insights into the etiology and pathogenesis of liver cancer","volume":"26","author":"Hussain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(05)80505-7","article-title":"A new mutational hot-spot in the p53 gene in human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"20","author":"Diamantis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1038","DOI":"10.1158\/1940-6207.CAPR-13-0168","article-title":"Reduced aflatoxin exposure presages decline in liver cancer mortality in an endemic region of China","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Prev. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9577","DOI":"10.1007\/s13277-014-2231-3","article-title":"Association between aflatoxin B1 occupational airway exposure and risk of hepatocellular carcinoma: A case-control study","volume":"35","author":"Lai","year":"2014","journal-title":"Tumour Biol."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"3","article-title":"A follow-up study of urinary markers of aflatoxin exposure and liver cancer risk in Shanghai, People\u2019s Republic of China","volume":"3","author":"Qian","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2013.789558","article-title":"Human aflatoxin exposure in Kenya, 2007: A cross-sectional study","volume":"30","author":"Yard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part. A Chem. Anal. Control Expo. Risk Assess."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2011.07.017","article-title":"Role of aflatoxin B1 as a risk for primary liver cancer in north Indian population","volume":"44","author":"Asim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1169","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in developing countries: Geographical distribution, mechanism of action and prevention","volume":"5","author":"Hamid","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monson, M.S., Settlage, R.E., McMahon, K.W., Mendoza, K.M., Rawal, S., El-Nezami, H.S., Coulombe, R.A., and Reed, K.M. (2014). Response of the hepatic transcriptome to aflatoxin B1 in domestic turkey (Meleagris gallopavo). PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0100930"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2014.06.008","article-title":"Aflatoxicosis chemoprevention by probiotic Lactobacillius and lack of effect on the major histocompatibility complex","volume":"97","author":"Rawal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"E1306","article-title":"Probiotics modulated gut microbiota suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in mice","volume":"113","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.31288","article-title":"Epidemiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma","volume":"73","author":"McGlynn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejca.2012.02.009","article-title":"Population attributable risk of aflatoxin-related liver cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"48","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A258","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.118-a258a","article-title":"Carcinogenic crops: Analyzing the effect of aflatoxin on global liver cancer rates","volume":"118","author":"Tillett","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.21037\/hbsn.2017.12.07","article-title":"Targeting gut microbiota in hepatocellular carcinoma: Probiotics as a novel therapy","volume":"7","author":"Wan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Surg. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2008-00494","article-title":"Effect of aflatoxin culture on intestinal function and nutrient loss in laying hens","volume":"88","author":"Applegate","year":"2009","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2011-01448","article-title":"Gross intestinal adaptations in relation to broiler performance during chronic aflatoxin exposure","volume":"90","author":"Yunus","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pew022","article-title":"Interactive effects of dietary protein concentration and aflatoxin B1 on performance, nutrient digestibility, and gut health in broiler chicks","volume":"95","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.05.020","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 and aflatoxin M1 induced cytotoxicity and DNA damage in differentiated and undifferentiated Caco-2 cells","volume":"83","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112754","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112754","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 alters meat quality associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut-microbiota in sheep","volume":"225","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10787","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.3c02617","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 induces inflammatory liver injury via gut microbiota in mice","volume":"71","author":"Ye","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sui, Y., Lu, Y., Zuo, S., Wang, H., Bian, X., Chen, G., Huang, S., Dai, H., Liu, F., and Dong, H. (2022). Aflatoxin B1 exposure in sheep: Insights into hepatotoxicity based on oxidative stress, inflammatory injury, apoptosis, and gut microbiota analysis. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120840"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3615","DOI":"10.1039\/D3FO04717B","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 exposure causes splenic pyroptosis by disturbing the gut microbiota-immune axis","volume":"15","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.2174\/1389557513666131211105554","article-title":"Surface binding of toxins and heavy metals by probiotics","volume":"14","author":"Zoghi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2152","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.S0022-0302(01)74660-7","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 binding by dairy strains of lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria","volume":"84","author":"Peltonen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfv259","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 induced compositional changes in gut microbial communities of male F344 rats","volume":"150","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosu, I.A., Pistol, G.C., Taranu, I., and Marin, D.E. (2019). The impact of dietary grape seed meal on healthy and aflatoxin b1 afflicted microbiota of pigs after weaning. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010025"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Galarza-Seeber, R., Latorre, J.D., Bielke, L.R., Kuttappan, V.A., Wolfenden, A.D., Hernandez-Velasco, X., Merino-Guzman, R., Vicente, J.L., Donoghue, A., and Cross, D. (2016). Leaky gut and mycotoxins: Aflatoxin b1 does not increase gut permeability in broiler chickens. Front. Vet. Sci., 3.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2016.00010"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfy102","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 disrupts gut-microbial metabolisms of short-chain fatty acids, long-chain fatty acids, and bile acids in male F344 rats","volume":"164","author":"Zhou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1080\/15569543.2018.1426611","article-title":"Influences of Aflatoxin B1 on main intestinal bacteria communities and enzyme activities in mice","volume":"38","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Toxin Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2011.12.009","article-title":"Emerging risk management metrics in food safety: FSO, PO. How do they apply to the mycotoxin hazard?","volume":"25","author":"Ramos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gopalakrishnakone, P., Balali-Mood, M., Llewellyn, L., and Singh, B.R. (2015). Aflatoxins and Their Management. Biological Toxins and Bioterrorism, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5869-8"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2012.09.024","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1-reduction of Aspergillus flavus by three medicinal plants (Lamiaceae)","volume":"31","author":"Gorran","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2018.01.016","article-title":"Updating techniques on controlling mycotoxins\u2014A review","volume":"89","author":"Luo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.535718","article-title":"A review on aflatoxin contamination and its implications in the developing world: A sub-Saharan African perspective","volume":"53","author":"Gnonlonfin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2007.10.010","article-title":"Aflatoxin sequestration in animal feeds by quality-labeled smectite clays: An introductory plan","volume":"40","author":"Dixon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clay.2006.06.012","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 adsorption by clays from water and corn meal","volume":"36","author":"Jaynes","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Clay Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micromeso.2005.05.030","article-title":"The role of natural and synthetic zeolites as feed additives on the prevention and\/or the treatment of certain farm animal diseases: A review","volume":"84","author":"Papaioannou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microporous Mesoporous Mater."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(01)00360-5","article-title":"Mycotoxin detoxication of animal feed by different adsorbents","volume":"122","author":"Huwig","year":"2001","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3455","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins7093455","article-title":"Effects of a calcium bentonite clay in diets containing aflatoxin when measuring liver residues of aflatoxin b1 in starter broiler chicks","volume":"7","author":"Fowler","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_64","unstructured":"World Health Organization Food & Agriculture Organization of the United (2006). Nations Food Safety Risk Analysis: A Guide for National Food Safety Authorities, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2016.07.028","article-title":"Microbial degradation of aflatoxin B1: Current status and future advances","volume":"237","author":"Verheecke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3208","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2015.1106440","article-title":"Review on microbial degradation of aflatoxins","volume":"57","author":"Adebo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.04.042","article-title":"Potential of lactic acid bacteria in aflatoxin risk mitigation","volume":"207","author":"Ahlberg","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-70.9.2148","article-title":"Physical adsorption of aflatoxin B1 by lactic acid bacteria and Saccharomyces cerevisiae: A theoretical model","volume":"70","author":"Bueno","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1051\/dst\/2010030","article-title":"In vivo assessment of the potential protective effect of Lactobacillus casei Shirota against aflatoxin B1","volume":"90","author":"Garcia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dairy. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S0009-2797(00)00186-1","article-title":"Factors affecting the sequestration of aflatoxin by Lactobacillusrhamnosus strain GG","volume":"128","author":"Haskard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chem.-Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.7.3086-3091.2001","article-title":"Surface binding of aflatoxin B1 by lactic acid bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Haskard","year":"2001","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1080\/02652030310001639521","article-title":"Binding of aflatoxin B1 to cell wall components of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG","volume":"21","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2024.2316228","article-title":"Limosilactobacillus reuteri peptidoglycan alleviates aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity through adsorbing toxins and improving growth, antioxidant status, immunity and liver pathological changes in chicks","volume":"65","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2020.02.007","article-title":"Aflatoxins biodetoxification strategies based on probiotic bacteria","volume":"178","author":"Afshar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2009.01.042","article-title":"Screening of Lactobacillus casei strains for their ability to bind aflatoxin B1","volume":"47","author":"Garcia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Macit, A., Sevim, S., and Kizil, M. (2024). Aflatoxin B1 and M1 detoxification in foodstuffs: Examining the efficacy of probiotics with and without prebiotics\u2014A systematic review. Food Biosci., 58.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.103724"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1507","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12148","article-title":"Reduction of aflatoxin level in aflatoxin-induced rats by the activity of probiotic Lactobacillus casei strain Shirota","volume":"114","author":"Jamaluddin","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3923\/ajas.2010.113.131","article-title":"Mycotoxins in animal feeds and prevention strategies: A review","volume":"4","author":"Kholif","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liew, W.P., Nurul-Adilah, Z., Than, L.T.L., and Mohd-Redzwan, S. (2018). The binding efficiency and interaction of lactobacillus casei shirota toward aflatoxin b1. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01503"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114511003953","article-title":"Anticarcinogenic effect of probiotic fermented milk and chlorophyllin on aflatoxin-B1-induced liver carcinogenesis in rats","volume":"107","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-2797(83)90073-X","article-title":"The requirement for glutathione S-transferase in the conjugation of activated aflatoxin B1 during aflatoxin hepatocarcinogenesis in the rat","volume":"45","author":"Neal","year":"1983","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.06.044","article-title":"Effect of the combined probiotics with aflatoxin B1-degrading enzyme on aflatoxin detoxification, broiler production performance and hepatic enzyme gene expression","volume":"59","author":"Zuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.07.015","article-title":"In vitro reduced availability of aflatoxin B1 and acrylamide by bonding interactions with teichoic acids from lactobacillus strains","volume":"64","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1021\/bm050968t","article-title":"Chemical and conformational study of the interactions involved in mycotoxin complexation with beta-D-glucans","volume":"7","author":"Yiannikouris","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biomacromolecules"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cplett.2017.07.024","article-title":"Computational search for aflatoxin binding proteins","volume":"685","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Phys. Lett."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjm.2017.05.003","article-title":"A comparative study of procedures for binding of aflatoxin M1 to Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG","volume":"49","author":"Assaf","year":"2018","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515004109","article-title":"Effect of supplementation of fermented milk drink containing probiotic Lactobacillus casei Shirota on the concentrations of aflatoxin biomarkers among employees of Universiti Putra Malaysia: A randomised, double-blind, cross-over, placebo-controlled study","volume":"115","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2025.04.014","article-title":"Impact of probiotic Lacticaseibacillus paracasei strain shirota (lcs) on aflatoxin exposure among healthy Malaysian adults: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study","volume":"155","author":"Chang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-63.4.549","article-title":"Ability of Lactobacillus and Propionibacterium strains to remove aflatoxin B, from the chicken duodenum","volume":"63","author":"Salminen","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7398","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01348-06","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus strain GG modulates intestinal absorption, fecal excretion, and toxicity of aflatoxin B1 in rats","volume":"72","author":"Gratz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1330","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2018-15444","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG modulates gastrointestinal absorption, excretion patterns, and toxicity in Holstein calves fed a single dose of aflatoxin B1","volume":"102","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Dairy. Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, R., Chang, Q., Dong, Z., Yang, H., and Xu, C. (2019). Lactobacillus bulgaricus or Lactobacillus rhamnosus Suppresses NF-\u03baB Signaling Pathway and Protects against AFB1-Induced Hepatitis: A Novel Potential Preventive Strategy for Aflatoxicosis?. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11010017"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/83.5.1199","article-title":"Probiotic supplementation reduces a biomarker for increased risk of liver cancer in young men from Southern China","volume":"83","author":"Polychronaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2011.09.003","article-title":"Effect of probiotic fermented milk and chlorophyllin on gene expressions and genotoxicity during AFB1-induced hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"490","author":"Kumar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Gene"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u015ali\u017cewska, K., Cukrowska, B., Smulikowska, S., and Cielecka-Kuszyk, J. (2019). The Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Performance and the Histopathological Changes in Liver and Kidneys in Broiler Chickens Fed Diets with Aflatoxin B1. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11020112"}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/10\/482\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]],"date-time":"2025-09-26T08:42:35Z","timestamp":1758876155000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/17\/10\/482"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins17100482"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins17100482","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,26]]}}}