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wide range of toxins that interact with a variety of target molecules (ion channels, receptors and enzymes) associated with synaptic transmission, action potential propagation, cardiac function, hemostasis and other physiological systems. Scorpion toxins are also active towards bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites. Such interactions make scorpion toxins useful lead molecules for developing compounds with biotechnological and therapeutic applications, and as tools for cell biology. In addition, scorpion toxins act as insectotoxins, with promising applications as insecticides. This review describes the range of scorpion toxins and discusses their usefulness for the development of insecticides and therapeutic drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17100497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T10:48:07Z","timestamp":1759834087000},"page":"497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Properties and Pharmacology of Scorpion Toxins and Their Biotechnological Potential in Agriculture and Medicine"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Ch\u00e1riston Andr\u00e9","family":"Dal Belo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento Multidisciplinar, Escola Paulista de Pol\u00edtica, Economia e Neg\u00f3cios (EPPEN), Universidade Federal de S\u00e3o Paulo (UNIFESP), Rua General Newton Estilac Leal, 932, Quita\u00fana, Osasco 06190-170, SP, Brazil"},{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Vital Brazil, 80, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Hyslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias M\u00e9dicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Rua Vital Brazil, 80, Cidade Universit\u00e1ria Zeferino Vaz, Campinas 13083-888, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-2445","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C\u00e9lia Regina","family":"Carlini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de P\u00f3s-Gradua\u00e7\u00e3o em Bioci\u00eancias, Universidade Federal de Ci\u00eancias da Sa\u00fade de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Rua Sarmento Leite 245, Porto Alegre 90050-170, RS, Brazil"},{"name":"Centro de Biotecnologia e Departamento de Bioqu\u00edmica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"B\u00e1nki, O., Roskov, Y., D\u00f6ring, M., Ower, G., Hern\u00e1ndez Robles, D.R., Plata Corredor, C.A., Stjernegaard Jeppesen, T., \u00d6rn, A., and Pape, T. 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