{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T18:26:26Z","timestamp":1792520786660,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761004800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2019\/21603-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/21603-1"]}]},{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2022\/03952-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/03952-1"]}]},{"name":"The S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","award":["2023\/05989-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023\/05989-2"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study aimed to conduct a first evaluation of maternal exposure to mycotoxins during pregnancy in Brazil through quantification of biomarkers in liver and serum samples from stillborn and neonates autopsied in the Clinical Hospital of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, state of S\u00e3o Paulo. Liver tissue (n = 43) and serum (n = 38) samples were collected from 43 patients and analyzed for biomarkers of aflatoxins (AFs), ochratoxin A (OTA), fumonisins (FBs), zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON), T-2 and HT-2 toxins by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. In total, 9 samples of liver (20.9%) and 33 serum (86.8%) had quantifiable levels of mycotoxins. In liver samples, aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) was quantified in two samples (median level: 0.38 ng\/g), while four samples had OTA residues (median: 0.31 ng\/g) and one contained ZEN (3.6 ng\/g). Compared with liver tissue, serum samples had higher occurrence rates of mycotoxins, particularly AFM1, OTA and ZEN. Nineteen serum samples (50%) contained 2\u20134 types of mycotoxins, indicating an effective transplacental transfer of major mycotoxins during pregnancy. Median levels of AFM1, OTA, FB1, ZEN, DON, T-2 and HT-2 toxins in serum samples were 0.48, 3.39, 30.6, 10.53, 5.71, 2.85 and 10.84 ng\/mL, respectively. The most frequent cause of death was extreme prematurity (33% of cases), followed by preterm premature rupture of membranes (16% of cases) and morphological abnormalities (42% of cases). Results of this trial suggest potential associations between dietary mycotoxins and congenital anomalies. Further research should clarify the transplacental transfer of mycotoxins and their association with toxic effects during human prenatal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17100518","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]],"date-time":"2025-10-21T14:53:19Z","timestamp":1761058399000},"page":"518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Assessment of Maternal Exposure to Mycotoxins During Pregnancy Through Biomarkers in Fetal and Neonatal Tissues"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9520-916X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jo\u00e3o Thiago Arag\u00e3o","family":"Fermiano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4604-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sher","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7086-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1012-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa Theodoro","family":"Rezende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0331-0736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roice Eliana","family":"Rosim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando Gustavo","family":"Tonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biosystems Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walusa Assad Gon\u00e7alves","family":"Ferri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2536-2553","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra Cristina","family":"Marcolin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandra Naira Zambelli","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5779-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Augusto Fernandes de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7529-466X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando Silva","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto Medical School, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeir\u00e3o Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ali, S., Battaglini Franco, B., Theodoro Rezende, V., Gabriel Dionisio Freire, L., Lima de Paiva, E., Clara Fogacio Haikal, M., Leme Guerra, E., Eliana Rosim, R., Gustavo Tonin, F., and Savioli Ferraz, I. 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