{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T23:28:17Z","timestamp":1780615697898,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761177600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P4-0053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P4-0053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P1-0207"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P1-0207"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P3-0019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P3-0019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["J3-2534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["J3-2534"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004329","name":"Slovenian Research and Innovation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1000-22-0106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1000-22-0106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004329","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Platelets play pivotal roles in thromboembolic diseases, such as myocardial infarction and ischemic stroke. In patients envenomed by the snake Vipera a. ammodytes (Vaa), pronounced and transient thrombocytopenia without bleeding is observed. We previously showed that Vaa-snaclec-3\/2, the snake venom C-type lectin-like protein, mediates this effect ex vivo. Here, we extended our study of the antithrombotic potential of this protein in vivo using a mouse model of ferric chloride (FeCl3)-induced carotid artery thrombosis. Prior to inducing thrombus formation, the mice received 1, 5, 10, 20, or 50 \u03bcg\/kg Vaa-snaclec-3\/2 intravenously. Afterward, the arterial blood flow was monitored with a perivascular Doppler probe. Additionally, the platelet count in the peripheral venous blood; tail bleeding time; and liver, lung, kidney, spleen, and heart histology were evaluated. The lowest dose of Vaa-snaclec-3\/2 that we showed to cause severe thrombocytopenia and completely inhibit FeCl3-induced thrombus formation was 20 \u00b5g\/kg. This dose prolonged the median tail bleeding time from 86.5 to 153.5 s but did not induce acute spontaneous hemorrhage, as demonstrated by histological analysis. Histology revealed no signs of apoptosis, necrosis or other degenerative changes in the inspected organs of mice exposed to 20 \u03bcg\/kg Vaa-snaclec-3\/2. Platelet clusters were observed only in the lungs, which appear to be the primary site of platelet sequestration and the cause of thrombocytopenia. Taken together, our findings highlight the high potential of Vaa-snaclec-3\/2 as a safe and effective antithrombotic agent for the transient prevention of thrombosis in acute clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17110523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T01:35:11Z","timestamp":1761269711000},"page":"523","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Snake Venom C-Type Lectin-like Protein Vaa-Snaclec-3\/2 Efficiently Prevents Carotid Artery Thrombosis in a Mouse Model Without Compromising Blood Coagulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Monika C.","family":"\u017du\u017eek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-0708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Kri\u017eaj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8493-3638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miran","family":"Brvar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0806-8694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toma\u017e","family":"Trobec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0538-7841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simona","family":"Kranjc Brezar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Oncology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6545-6805","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mojca","family":"Dobaja Borak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Clinical Toxicology and Pharmacology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Center for Clinical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9854-9955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adrijana","family":"Leonardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1233-9864","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kity","family":"Po\u017eek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Doctoral School, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9968-9228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milka","family":"Vrecl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0636-9277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robert","family":"Frange\u017e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Heart Federation (2023). 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