{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T06:23:11Z","timestamp":1783750991278,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761696000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["SCHM 1385\/12-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SCHM 1385\/12-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>With anthrax toxin as a pioneer, several bacterial toxins have been engineered to deliver proteins of interest into the cytosol of specific mammalian cells. Such targeted protein toxins combine the ability to deliver cargo molecules into cells with designed receptor interaction for targeting selected cells. This review summarizes the actual knowledge of modified anthrax toxin. Moreover, the significant efforts which have been made to utilize other bacterial toxins are discussed. The targeted protein toxins described in this review include single-chain toxins, pore-forming toxins, and injection machineries.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17110533","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:50:19Z","timestamp":1761785419000},"page":"533","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Anthrax Toxin: A Pioneer of Targeted Protein Toxins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Sandy","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2876-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gudula","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstr. 25, 79104 Freiburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6509","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.20.6509-6515.1999","article-title":"Sequence and organization of pXO1, the large Bacillus anthracis plasmid harboring the anthrax toxin genes","volume":"181","author":"Okinaka","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. 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