{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T23:23:46Z","timestamp":1790983426015,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fumonisins are among the most prevalent mycotoxins in maize and maize-based products, posing significant food safety and public health risks due to their hepatotoxic, nephrotoxic, and potential carcinogenic effects. Given the strict regulatory limits set by the European Commission and Codex Alimentarius, the development of reliable, sensitive, and matrix\u2013robust analytical methods remain a priority for routine monitoring in both food and feed systems. In this study, a reusable immuno-affinity purification methodology for the quantitative determination of fumonisin mycotoxins (FB1, FB2 and FB3) in foods and feeds (maize matrix) was developed. A single extraction protocol using 2% formic acid in water was employed, followed by cleanup with an immuno-affinity purification column and toxin elution by methanol\/PBS (1:1, v\/v). Detection and quantification of the mycotoxins was achieved by a normal phase ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionisation triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UHPLC\/ESI-MS\/MS). The chromatographic mobile phase utilised was a linear gradient of methanol\/water containing 0.1% formic acid. The developed method has a limit of detection of 2.5 ng\/g and a limit of quantification of 5 ng\/g, all well below the European commission\u2019s guidance values of 1000 ng\/g for corn destined for human consumption and 800 ng\/g for maize-based breakfast cereals and snacks. While the recovery rates of the method in this study ranged from 65\u201370% for the three fumonisin analogues in solutions, when tested in maize matrix, recoveries were markedly lower (~30%) due to pronounced matrix suppression. Good repeatability (standard deviation &lt;10%) was achieved for all the fumonisin analogues. The developed method, although quick and effective in solvent systems, suffered limitations to its practical usage due to matrix suppression of the extracts derived from the immuno-affinity purification column, thus significantly reducing the application of the method in measuring fumonisin mycotoxins in food and feed samples. Overall, the method was effective in quantification of fumonisin mycotoxins in solvent solutions but not in food and feed matrices, thus necessitating further optimisation for practical usage. The performance of the developed method was compared to a commercial lateral flow immunochromatographic assay which proved to be better than the developed method in the quantification of toxins in food matrices, as the commercial lateral flow immunochromatographic assay outperformed the developed method in maize matrices. These findings highlight the need for matrix-based validation and further refinement of antibody stability to ensure robust application in regulatory monitoring of fumonisins using immunoaffinity purification methods.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17110538","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T03:33:07Z","timestamp":1761881587000},"page":"538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Optimisation of a One-Step Reusable Immuno-Affinity Purification Method for the Analysis and Detection of Fumonisin Mycotoxins in Foods and Feeds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2374-0178","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian Kosisochukwu","family":"Anumudu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemical Engineering, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK"},{"name":"Institute for Global Food Security, Queens University Belfast, Belfast BT9 5DL, UK"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke 562103, Bayelsa State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.21608\/mvmj.2021.161191","article-title":"Types of Mycotoxins and different approaches used for their detection in foodstuffs","volume":"22","author":"Elkenany","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mansoura Vet. 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