{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T21:07:31Z","timestamp":1767906451288,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762128000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007688","name":"American University of Beirut","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["URB-Award 104518-Project 27617"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["URB-Award 104518-Project 27617"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007688","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004113","name":"Lebanese University","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004113","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion venom is a rich source of diverse bioactive molecules with medicinal importance. While the venoms of many Buthidae scorpions have been extensively studied for their toxicity and therapeutic potential, Hottentotta judaicus scorpion venom (HjSV) remains poorly explored. In this study, using LC-ESI-MS, we show that HjSV has a complex composition. We find that HjSV has no significant cytotoxic effects on three human cancer cell lines, even at concentrations of up to 1000 \u00b5g\/mL. However, it exerts a dose-dependent insecticidal effect against Drosophila melanogaster, a well-established genetic model organism, and two medically relevant mosquito species, Aedes albopictus and Culex pipiens. These findings highlight the venom\u2019s selective activity and reveal a species-dependent susceptibility in insects, with mosquitoes being more sensitive than Drosophila. Furthermore, we show that at sub-lethal doses, HjSV alters D. melanogaster behavioral patterns, significantly reducing locomotor activity and increasing sleep duration. Altogether, our results provide new insights into the dual role of HjSV as both an insecticidal agent and behavioral modulator, shedding light on its ecological function in prey subduing and its potential application in pest control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17110546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:32:01Z","timestamp":1762191121000},"page":"546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Characterization of Hottentotta judaicus Scorpion Venom: Toxic Effects and Neurobehavioral Modulation in Insect Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Rim","family":"Wehbe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aline","family":"Karaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zeina","family":"Dassouki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Tripoli P.O. Box 100, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0335-9882","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad","family":"Rima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Lebanese American University, Byblos P.O. Box 36, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5827-2410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adolfo","family":"Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biologia Molecular de Toxinas y Receptores, Instituto de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas 1050, Venezuela"},{"name":"Centro para el Desarrollo de la Investigaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica (CEDIC), Asunci\u00f3n 1255, Paraguay"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4595-1104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rabih","family":"Roufayel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Engineering and Technology, American University of the Middle East, Egaila 54200, Kuwait"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3346-7059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christian","family":"Legros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Univ. Angers, INSERM, CNRS, MITOVASC, Equipe CarME, SFR ICAT, 49000 Angers, France"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6502-3110","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ziad","family":"Fajloun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cell Culture, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology (LBA3B), Azm Center for Research in Biotechnology and Its Applications, EDST, Lebanese University, Tripoli 1300, Lebanon"},{"name":"Faculty of Sciences 3, Lebanese University, Michel Slayman Tripoli Campus, Ras Maska 1352, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7377-1899","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria","family":"Kambris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107 2020, Lebanon"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.4103\/1995-7645.295361","article-title":"Effect of climate change on spatial distribution of scorpions of significant public health importance in Iran","volume":"13","author":"Rafinejad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Asian Pac. 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