{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T16:01:42Z","timestamp":1791820902181,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]],"date-time":"2025-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Special Basic Cooperative Research Programs of Yunnan Provincial Undergraduate Universities","award":["202401BA070001-065"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202401BA070001-065"]}]},{"name":"Yunnan Province Science and Technology Talent and Platform Planning Project","award":["202305AF150066"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202305AF150066"]}]},{"name":"Key Research and Development Program of Yunnan Province","award":["202403AC100010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403AC100010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amanita exitialis is a lethal mushroom species found in southern China. Its amatoxins can cause acute liver injury with a high case-fatality rate. However, reports combining toxin detection in clinical specimens with autopsy pathology remain limited. We conducted a retrospective analysis of A. exitialis poisoning events treated at Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture People\u2019s Hospital from 2019 to 2024. Toxins were measured in collected mushrooms, patient blood, and urine. Clinical data included demographics, complications, laboratory parameters, and autopsy findings. Associations between a time-weighted urinary amatoxin exposure metric and laboratory indices were assessed. Ten poisoning incidents involving 27 individuals were identified, including five deaths. We collected 10 mushroom samples, 120 urine samples, and 108 blood samples. \u03b1-amanitin, \u03b2-amanitin, phallacidin, and phallisacin were detected in mushrooms and urine. The detection rates of \u03b1-AMA, \u03b2-AMA, PCD, and PSC in urine samples were 31.67%, 5.00%, 38.33%, and 49.17%, respectively. Only three blood samples tested positive for \u03b1-AMA. The time-weighted urinary amatoxin exposure metric was positively correlated with total bilirubin (TBIL), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr), creatine kinase (CK), creatine kinase isoenzymes (CK-MB), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and international normalized ratio (INR). Early symptoms included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, and distention; later findings involved injury to the liver, kidneys, intestines, heart, and lungs. On the fourth day following ingestion, there was a marked increase in bilirubin levels and a concurrent decrease in liver enzymes, indicating severe damage to the hepatocytes. Platelet count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin, and red blood cell count decreased over time. Autopsies demonstrated hepatic, renal, and myocardial injury, gastrointestinal mucosal exfoliation, and multiorgan hemorrhage. In summary, A. exitialis poisoning is primarily characterized by liver damage, accompanied by injuries to the kidneys, myocardium, and intestines, as well as multiorgan hemorrhaging, which may lead to blood toxicity. The detection rate of toxins in urine samples is relatively high, and early urine toxin testing can help clarify the diagnosis and guide treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17120576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1764952622000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Comprehensive Clinical Profile of Amanita exitialis Poisoning: Integrating Toxin Detection and Autopsy Pathology"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Chong-Gui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Mushroom Poisoning, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Mushroom Poisoning, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Pin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Mushroom Poisoning, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao-Li","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Mushroom Poisoning, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"},{"name":"College of Pharmacy, Dali University, Dali 671000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qun-Mei","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Mushroom Poisoning, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"},{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Min","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Mushroom Poisoning, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Ye","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhi-Jun","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Ju","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Center for Mushroom Poisoning, The People\u2019s Hospital of Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Chuxiong 675000, China"},{"name":"National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100050, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Ying","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency and Intensive Care Unit, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650701365834","article-title":"Amatoxin poisoning: A 15-year retrospective analysis and follow-up evaluation of 105 patients","volume":"45","author":"Giannini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. 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