{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T20:00:07Z","timestamp":1791576007213,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764892800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation","award":["RESOLU\u00c7\u00c3O N. 031\/2022\u2014ERC-CONFAP-CNPq 2022"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RESOLU\u00c7\u00c3O N. 031\/2022\u2014ERC-CONFAP-CNPq 2022"]}]},{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation","award":["EDITAL N. 001\/2023\u2014PROGRAMA UNIVERSAL\u2014FAPEAM 20 ANOS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDITAL N. 001\/2023\u2014PROGRAMA UNIVERSAL\u2014FAPEAM 20 ANOS"]}]},{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation","award":["010\/2021\u2014CT and I \u00c1REAS PRIORIT\u00c1RIAS"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["010\/2021\u2014CT and I \u00c1REAS PRIORIT\u00c1RIAS"]}]},{"name":"Amazonas State Research Foundation","award":["EDITAL N. 020\/2024\u2014PRODUTIVIDADE EM CT and I"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EDITAL N. 020\/2024\u2014PRODUTIVIDADE EM CT and I"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["307676\/2023-4"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["307676\/2023-4"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"National Council for Scientific and Technological Development","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["303106\/2025-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["303106\/2025-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snake venoms are rich sources of bioactive molecules that modulate hemostasis and, among these, anticoagulant snake venom phospholipases A2 (sPLA2) are found in a range of snake venoms. Crotoxin (CTX), from the Crotalus durissus rattlesnake, is a heterodimeric PLA2 complex, and literature has reported its mechanisms in anticoagulant activity. The present review revisits the biological roles of anticoagulant sPLA2 and critically examines evidence on CTX in hemostatic regulation, aiming to clarify its mechanisms and therapeutic promise. CTX exerts anticoagulant activity via enzymatic hydrolysis of procoagulant phospholipids and direct interaction with coagulation factors, disrupting key complex assembly. It also counteracts inflammation-induced coagulation by modulating leukocyte- and endothelial-derived mediators, restoring balance among anticoagulant, procoagulant, and fibrinolytic pathways. Effects on platelet function appear comparatively modest, ranging from less potent pro-aggregatory activity to negligible aggregation. The dual anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties of CTX highlight its potential as a model for novel antithrombotic agents in hypercoagulable and inflammation-driven disorders, despite toxicological concerns that necessitate cautious pharmacological exploration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17120583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T16:37:02Z","timestamp":1764952622000},"page":"583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Snake Venom PLA2 as Anticoagulant Agents: Role of Crotoxin, from Crotalus durissus Rattlesnake, in Hemostasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Lisele Maria","family":"Brasileiro-Martins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program Biodiversity and Biotechnology Network, Amazonas State University, Manaus 69065-001, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, 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Estrada","family":"Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Teaching and Research, Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Medicina Tropical Dr. Heitor Vieira Dourado (FMT-HVD), Manaus 69040-000, Brazil"},{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Tropical Medicine, Amazonas State University (UEA), Manaus 69050-001, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro J\u00fanio Campelo","family":"Feitosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus 69080-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8602-3577","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofia","family":"Angiole-Cavalcante","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leonidas and Maria Deane Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Manaus 69057-070, 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