{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T04:42:46Z","timestamp":1793421766693,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]],"date-time":"2025-12-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universidad de Colima, Fortalecimiento de la investigaci\u00f3n 2023 grant"},{"name":"DGAPA-UNAM","award":["IN200323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IN200323"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003141","name":"CONAHCYT","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PRONACE 303045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRONACE 303045"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003141","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Scorpion venom toxins are important peptides being studied for their clinical significance. These peptides act by binding to ion channels in the membrane of nerve cells, causing the symptoms associated with scorpion stings (scorpionism). They principally affect the function of voltage-gated sodium channels (Nav) and are valuable for studying ion channels. Scorpions from the Buthidae family contain toxins that affect sodium channels and have a high affinity for mammalian channels. In this study, two sodium toxins isolated from the venom of the scorpion Centruroides hirsutipalpus, a member of the Buthidae family, were identified as belonging to the beta-type subfamily. These toxins were purified from whole venom using molecular exclusion, cationic-exchange, and reverse-phase chromatography techniques. Their molecular masses were determined using mass spectrometry, while their amino acid sequences were obtained by Edman degradation. A comparative analysis revealed that the sequences are identical to ChiNaBet60 and ChiNaBet50 toxins (now named Chirp7 and Chirp9, respectively) previously identified in the venom gland transcriptomics from C. hirsutipalpus. Furthermore, toxicity studies showed that these toxins were lethal to mammals. Electrophysiological analysis revealed that these peptides act as sodium channel\u2013modulating toxins. In addition, interaction assays with antibodies were performed to analyze the structural determinants governing the binding mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins17120584","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,8]],"date-time":"2025-12-08T15:30:07Z","timestamp":1765207807000},"page":"584","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Beta Toxins Isolated from the Scorpion Centruroides hirsutipalpus (Scorpiones; Buthidae) Affect the Function of Sodium Channels of Mammals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8474-1495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura L.","family":"Valdez-Velazquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Km 9 Carretera Colima, Coquimatl\u00e1n s\/n, Coquimatl\u00e1n 28400, Mexico"},{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, las V\u00edboras, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3220-6906","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Timoteo","family":"Olamendi-Portugal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6510-5303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Restano-Cassulini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2531-9232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lidia","family":"Ria\u00f1o-Umbarila","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"},{"name":"Investigadora por M\u00e9xico, Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Secihti, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Cr\u00e9dito Constructor, B\u00e9nito Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9508-9332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juana Mar\u00eda","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias Qu\u00edmicas y Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Km 9 Carretera Colima, Coquimatl\u00e1n s\/n, Coquimatl\u00e1n 28400, Mexico"},{"name":"Investigadora por M\u00e9xico, Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Secihti, Av. Insurgentes Sur 1582, Col. Cr\u00e9dito Constructor, B\u00e9nito Ju\u00e1rez, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 03940, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Zamudio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6613-0877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hermenegildo","family":"Salazar-Monge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Colima, Avenida Universidad 333, las V\u00edboras, Colima 28040, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baltazar","family":"Becerril","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6357-2661","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lourival D.","family":"Possani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Medicina Molecular y Bioprocesos, Instituto de Biotecnolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Cuernavaca 62210, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Joshi, S., Surana, K., Singh, S., Lade, A., and Arote, N. 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