{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T05:20:58Z","timestamp":1766726458541,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31901806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31901806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration","award":["JY2406"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JY2406"]}]},{"name":"Talent Project of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration","award":["LJ2022201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LJ2022201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accurate quantification of Deoxynovalienol (DON) in wheat is critical for food safety, but current methods suffer from poor reproducibility due to inconsistent operational parameters across the sampling and analysis workflow. To address this issue, this study focused on truck-loaded bulk wheat and conducted a comprehensive analysis covering the entire process from sampling to laboratory testing. By examining parameters at each stage\u2014test portion, laboratory sample, composite sample, and primary sample\u2014and applying the Monte Carlo simple random sampling principle, the variability associated with the full-process parameters for DON detection in wheat was systematically analyzed. The errors introduced at each step were evaluated, leading to the development of a representative measurement procedure for DON in truck-loaded bulk wheat. The results indicate that for truck-loaded bulk wheat, sampling should be conducted using a random distribution method with no fewer than 11 sampling points, each providing a primary sample of at least 500 g. The composite sample should be homogenized three times using a cone-and-quartering divider before subsampling. The laboratory sample should weigh no less than 750 g and be ground to a particle size of 1 mm. After thorough mixing of the ground sample, 5 g should be accurately weighed for analysis. This measurement procedure introduces a total relative error of 12.9%. The proposed protocol for DON detection in truck-loaded wheat offers a practical approach that minimizes error contribution from each parameter while maintaining low economic and time costs, ensuring feasibility for field implementation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18010013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T16:41:19Z","timestamp":1766594479000},"page":"13","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Systematic Approach to Reducing Errors in Deoxynivalenol Quantification: Insights from Bulk Wheat Sampling and Sample Preparation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bingjie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang Road, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiujuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Grain and Oil Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Station of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi 830049, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0555-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134727","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2022.134727","article-title":"A predictive model on deoxynivalenol in harvested wheat in China: Revealing the impact of the environment and agronomic practices","volume":"405","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110027","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2023.110027","article-title":"Deoxynivalenol: Occurrence, toxicity, and degradation","volume":"155","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.07.047","article-title":"Mycotoxins: Occurrence, toxicology, and exposure assessment","volume":"60","author":"Marin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. 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