{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T21:24:07Z","timestamp":1791321847241,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":385,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Science and Technology Projects of Xizang Autonomous Region, China","award":["XZ202402ZD0005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202402ZD0005"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32471557"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32471557"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31900375"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900375"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science and Technology Department of Gansu Province","award":["23JRRA1085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23JRRA1085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Venom is a key evolutionary innovation of venomous organisms in the long-term process of survival adaptation. As one of the oldest arthropods, scorpions produce venom rich in bioactive peptides that also constitute a valuable pharmacological resource. Omics-driven discovery and structural biology have expanded the peptide catalog and clarified structure\u2013function principles across disulfide-bridged (DBPs) and non-disulfide-bridged peptides (NDBPs). Within this arsenal, ion-channel targeting neurotoxins predominantly modulate Nav, Kv, Calcium, Chloride, and TRP channels to achieve predation, defense, and competition. Owing to their unique mechanisms of action and significant therapeutic potential, scorpion venom peptides have attracted sustained interest as leads and scaffolds for drug development. This review synthesizes current knowledge of scorpion venom composition, with an emphasis on the pivotal role of neurotoxins, covering their molecular diversity, structural features, and modes of ion-channel modulation, as well as emerging applications in disease treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18010025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T09:56:23Z","timestamp":1767347783000},"page":"25","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Scorpion Venom Neurotoxins: Molecular Diversity, Mechanisms, and Drug Scaffolds"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Muiruri","family":"Kamau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiamin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingyue","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9059-2166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bowen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Herbage Improvement and Grassland Agro-Ecosystem, College of Ecology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evv073","article-title":"Environmental Epigenetics and a Unified Theory of the Molecular Aspects of Evolution: A Neo-Lamarckian Concept that Facilitates Neo-Darwinian Evolution","volume":"7","author":"Skinner","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genome Biol. 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