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Preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrate that BoNT-A reduces peripheral neurotransmitter release, neurogenic inflammation, and central neuronal excitability, leading to attenuation of mechanical allodynia in TMD models and patients. Clinical trials show modest and variable analgesic effects, with patients displaying sensory sensitization appearing to respond more favorably, though methodological heterogeneity limits definitive conclusions. Safety concerns related to muscle weakening, changes in bone density, and structural changes underscore the need for standardized protocols optimizing dosing and monitoring, in addition to prospective studies. These findings suggest that BoNT-A may serve as an adjunctive, mechanism-based therapy within multimodal TMD management. Future research should focus on standardized sensory phenotyping and trial design to clarify BoNT-A\u2019s role in modulating central sensitization and improving patient outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18010028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]],"date-time":"2026-01-06T12:35:47Z","timestamp":1767702947000},"page":"28","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Central and Peripheral Sensitization in Temporomandibular Disorders: Proposed Mechanisms of Botulinum Toxin Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8253-2785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Basit Ali","family":"Chaudhry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital\u2014Rigshospitalet, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6276-9056","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christopher L.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5525-0267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Caronna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Universitat Aut\u00f2noma de Barcelona, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-9386-904X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Freda","family":"Dodd-Glover","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra P.O. Box 77, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amrittej Singh","family":"Virk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas TMJ Sleep & Facial Pain, Southlake, TX 76092, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Fernando","family":"Prieto Peres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Psiquiatria, HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-903, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Hospital Albert Einstein, S\u00e3o Paulo 05403-903, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8121-825X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hope L.","family":"O\u2019Brien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Center of Hope, Cincinnati, OH 45236, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcela","family":"Romero-Reyes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pain and Neural Sciences, Brotman Facial Pain Clinic, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sait","family":"Ashina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, BIDMC Comprehensive Headache Center, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, BIDMC Comprehensive Headache Center, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA 02215, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0802472","article-title":"Temporomandibular Disorders","volume":"359","author":"Scrivani","year":"2008","journal-title":"N. 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