{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T01:05:24Z","timestamp":1785805524600,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI156225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI156225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bacteria use cholesterol-dependent cytolysins (CDCs) to damage eukaryotes. While well-studied in mammals, the mechanisms by which CDCs bind to and kill protozoans remain unclear. CDCs bind to the human pathogen Leishmania major but only kill in the absence of sphingolipids. The contribution of other leishmanial membrane components to CDC binding and cytotoxicity remains unknown. Here, we used genetic knockouts and inhibitors to determine the contribution of key membrane components to CDC binding and killing in L. major. We analyzed toxin binding and killing using flow cytometry and Western blotting. Loss of the virulence factor GP63 enhanced toxicity of perfringolysin O but not streptolysin O. Plasmenylethanolamine and lipophosphoglycan had minimal contributions to CDC binding and cytotoxicity. Removal of sterols protected cells from CDCs yet failed to reduce binding. We used CDCs defective in engaging glycans or cholesterol to confirm that CDCs deficient in sterol binding, but not glycan binding, could bind to L. major. Thus, in non-mammalian systems, CDCs may rely on glycans for binding, while using sterols for pore formation. This suggests that CDCs may not be sterol-specific probes in some non-mammalian systems. We conclude that early-branching eukaryotes use distinct mechanisms from mammals to limit CDC pore formation and killing.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18010046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1768563577000},"page":"46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Dissection of Leishmania major Membrane Components in Resistance to Cholesterol-Dependent Cytolysins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Chaitanya S.","family":"Haram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian J.","family":"Salinas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coleman","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salma Waheed","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6616-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8637-8538","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter A.","family":"Keyel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1336","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182018001014","article-title":"Leishmania, microbiota and sand fly immunity","volume":"145","author":"Telleria","year":"2018","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6199","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6199-6209.2005","article-title":"Cholesterol-dependent cytolysins, a family of versatile pore-forming toxins","volume":"73","author":"Tweten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. 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