{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T04:20:45Z","timestamp":1791001245766,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014382","name":"Ipsen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100014382","name":"Ipsen","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100014382","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study evaluated the effect of time of botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) treatment on clinical outcomes in adults with post-stroke spasticity (PSS). Individual data were pooled from five studies. Eligible patients received \u22651 BoNT-A injection(s) for PSS and had goal attainment scaling (GAS) scores measured at baseline and 12 weeks. Patients were grouped according to time of treatment post-stroke: early (&lt;1 year) or late (\u22651 year). The primary endpoint was the total GAS (GAS-T) score change from baseline to 12 weeks. Secondary outcomes included the proportion of patients with a GAS-T score \u2265 50. Overall, 968 patients were included (166 early and 802 late). Median time post-stroke to BoNT-A treatment was 0.5 (early) versus 5.4 (late) years. Mean (standard deviation [SD]) baseline GAS scores were similar between cohorts (early: 36.9 [3.5]; late: 36.9 [3.6]). The mean (SD) change in the GAS-T score from baseline to 12 weeks was greater in the early versus late cohort (15.7 [8.9] vs. 13.1 [8.9]; p &lt; 0.001). More patients in the early versus late cohort had a GAS-T score \u2265 50 (63.9% vs. 47.4%; p &lt; 0.001) at 12 weeks. No new safety concerns were reported. Early treatment of PSS with BoNT-A has a positive impact on patients\u2019 ability to achieve treatment goals. Plain Language Summary: After a stroke, people can experience muscle stiffness in their limbs, called post-stroke spasticity (PSS), which can lead to pain and make movement difficult. Treatment can include botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) injections given directly into affected muscles. The aim of our study was to assess whether giving BoNT-A within a year after experiencing a stroke was more effective in treating PSS than delaying treatment. We combined data from 968 patients across five different studies. Most people (802 patients) received BoNT-A treatment 1 year or more after their stroke (late treatment group), while 166 people received treatment within a year of their stroke (early treatment group). In the studies, patients set treatment goals with their physician, for example being able to hold an object or walk a certain distance. After treatment, the extent to which each goal was achieved was assessed and scored based on whether the result was less than expected, as expected, or better than expected by the patient and physician. The scores from the two treatment groups were compared. People in the early treatment group did better in achieving their treatment goals compared with those in the late treatment group. We also looked at any side effects patients experienced. No unexpected side effects were reported. BoNT-A treatment of PSS can help patients achieve their treatment goals, and patients treated early (within 1 year after stroke) may do better than those treated later. This information may help in rehabilitation planning for stroke patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18020068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:05:27Z","timestamp":1769504727000},"page":"68","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Early Versus Late Treatment with Botulinum Toxin A on Goal Attainment in Post-Stroke Spasticity: A Retrospective Cohort Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2765-7953","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Atul","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kansas City Bone & Joint Clinic, Overland Park, KS 66211, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1621-7549","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinming","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7225-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simon","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen, London W2 1AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Harding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen, London W2 1AF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6741-1328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mathieu","family":"Beneteau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ipsen, 75015 Paris, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-2665-5998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin","family":"Navickas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Genesis Research Group, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0698-6424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alberto","family":"Esquenazi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jefferson Moss-Magee Rehabilitation, Elkins Park, PA 19027, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Royal College of Physicians (2025, June 20). 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