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Experimental studies consistently show that AFB1 induces fetal abnormalities, with skeletal malformations and ossification defects being the most common. However, the specific impact of AFB1 on fetal osteogenesis remains unclear. Given this knowledge gap, this study aimed to review the existing literature concerning the pathogenesis of AFB1 and its potential influence on bone development. The primary mechanisms implicated in AFB1\u2019s impact on bone include dysfunction in vitamin D and calcium metabolism, alterations in parathyroid hormone production and function, induction of inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress. Collectively, these mechanisms have the potential to impair osteoblast and osteoclast function and, consequently, compromise ossification. Based on these findings, studies should explore and elucidate the effects of AFB1. Elucidating these mechanisms is crucial for mitigating the deleterious impacts of AFB1 on fetal skeletal development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18030122","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1772441517000},"page":"122","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Prenatal Aflatoxin B1 Exposure: A Review of Pathogenesis and Impact on Fetal Skeletal Development and Ossification"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Giovana Perez","family":"Montenegro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Victor","family":"Batista da Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4604-9702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sher","family":"Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-7086-4894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sana","family":"Ullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8227-1135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Gabriel Dionisio","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5779-5287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlos Augusto Fernandes de","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering, School of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Pirassununga 13635-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leandra N\u00e1ira Zambelli","family":"Ramalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, School of Medicine of Ribeir\u00e3o Preto, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, Ribeirao Preto 14049-900, SP, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.12688\/gatesopenres.13666.1","article-title":"Study Protocol for UNICEF and WHO Estimates of Global, Regional, and National Low Birthweight Prevalence for 2000 to 2020","volume":"6","author":"Krasevec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gates Open Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"l869","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l869","article-title":"Role of Maternal Age and Pregnancy History in Risk of Miscarriage: Prospective Register Based Study","volume":"364","author":"Magnus","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-019-00384-6","article-title":"Maternal mycotoxin exposure and adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review","volume":"36","author":"Kyei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.07.060","article-title":"Influences of Climate on Aflatoxin Producing Fungi and Aflatoxin Contamination","volume":"119","author":"Cotty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. 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