{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T17:30:51Z","timestamp":1772818251804,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82071250"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82071250"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31672290"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31672290"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004735","name":"Hunan Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2023JJ10082"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023JJ10082"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004735","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key R&D Program","award":["2024JK2137"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024JK2137"]}]},{"name":"Independent Exploration and Innovation project for postgraduates of Central South University","award":["2023ZZTS0576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023ZZTS0576"]}]},{"name":"Independent Exploration and Innovation project for postgraduates of Central South University","award":["2024ZZTS0905"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZZTS0905"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Huwentoxin-XI (HWTX-XI) is a 55-amino acid peptide belonging to the family of spider Kuntiz-type toxins (KTTs), isolated from the venom of the Chinese tarantula Cyriopagopus schmidti. Under whole-cell voltage-clamp conditions, HWTX-XI was found to block Kv1.1 potassium channels but had no effect on other potassium channel subunits (Kv1.4, Kv2.1, Kv3.1 and Kv4.2), sodium channels or calcium channels. In the present study, it was found that the substitution of Tyr379 by the valine in the filter region significantly decreased the affinity of toxin HWTX-XI by about 90-fold, indicating that the Kv1.1 filter region is a critical determinant of HWTX-XI potassium channel activity. After intrathecal or intraplantar injections, HWTX-XI decreased the mechanical nociceptive threshold (hyperalgesia) for a long-lasting period. HWTX-XI also significantly increased the firing frequency in mouse DRG neurons. The novel function of HWTX-XI makes it a new tool for studying the relationship between spider toxins and Kv1.1 channels and suggests that Kv1.1 channels might be a novel potential target for preventing and\/or treating neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18030124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T08:51:57Z","timestamp":1772441517000},"page":"124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Molecular Basis of the Inhibition of Voltage-Gated Potassium Channel Kv1.1 by Chinese Tarantula Peptide Huwentoxin-XI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xuan","family":"Luo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"},{"name":"Yuanpin Cell Biotechnology Group Co., Ltd., Changsha 410100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fenghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Physical Education, Xinjiang Normal University, Urumqi 830054, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shujun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yumei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chunbing","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Changsha Institute of Industrial Technology for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Changsha 410100, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Meichun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Hematology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"},{"name":"Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlShammari, A.K., Abd El-Aziz, T.M., and Al-Sabi, A. 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