{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T16:14:18Z","timestamp":1791562458291,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Uremic toxins have been shown to cause adverse pulmonary effects by inducing endothelial and epithelial dysfunction, disrupting the alveolar-capillary barrier, and increasing inflammation and oxidative stress. This article reviews these effects with a specific focus on chronic kidney disease and the mechanisms by which uremic toxins affect lung tissue. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using keywords related to uremic toxins and lung injury to search the PubMed database. An advanced literature review was conducted in PubMed to identify studies explaining the mechanisms underlying lung pathophysiology in chronic kidney disease (CKD), with particular focus on CKD-induced pulmonary epithelial and endothelial dysfunction. Additionally, to highlight the pathological processes of lung congestion in CKD, studies on CKD-induced dysfunction of the alveolar-capillary barrier were retrieved. Studies published up to November 2025 were evaluated. Results: A total of 148 articles were reviewed in full text. Uremic toxins negatively impact lung tissue structure and function through multiple mechanisms, including oxidative stress, inflammation, and direct effects. Uremic toxins appear to share signaling pathways in endothelial cells, including those linked to Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR), the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), and pro-inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor \u03baB (NF-\u03baB). Additionally, oxidative stress acts as a pro-inflammatory signal shared by several uremic toxins. The mechanisms behind the harmful interactions between CKD and lung disease are mostly unknown, although more evidence exists for acute kidney injury (AKI). Conclusions: Chronic kidney disease, which leads to the buildup of uremic toxins, negatively affects the lungs. Overall, the accumulation of uremic toxins in CKD impairs endothelial and epithelial cells and the alveolar capillary barrier. Further research is needed to understand the specific mechanisms underlying these effects and to identify therapeutic options to protect the lungs in these patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18030126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Uremic Toxins and the Lung Alveolar Capillary Barrier: A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Saleh","family":"Kaysi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Brugmann University Hospital, 1020 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Grand H\u00f4pital de l\u2019Est Francilien, 77100 Meaux, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1442-9716","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxime","family":"Taghavi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Brugmann University Hospital, 1020 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alissa","family":"El Mourabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8600-1818","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie-H\u00e9l\u00e8ne","family":"Antoine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"De Prez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00eblle","family":"Nortier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nephrology and Dialysis Department, Brugmann University Hospital, 1020 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Experimental Nephrology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1258","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2011121175","article-title":"Normal and Pathologic Concentrations of Uremic Toxins","volume":"23","author":"Duranton","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. 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