{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T17:16:30Z","timestamp":1773335790846,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015516","name":"Revance","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015516","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DaxibotulinumtoxinA for injection (DAXI) is a botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT) drug product comprising the 150 kDa pure BoNT\/A1 as the drug substance formulated with a proprietary stabilizing excipient, RTP004. We hypothesized that RTP004 facilitates localization of BoNT\/A1 to the neuronal membrane, resulting in increased BoNT internalization and cleavage of the synaptosomal-associated protein of 25 kDa (SNAP-25) within synaptic terminals. We characterized the interaction between RTP004 and BoNT\/A1 using in silico and in vitro techniques. In vitro analyses revealed that negative charges on the BoNT\/A1 surface were located on the light chain (LC, the catalytic domain) and the C-terminus of the heavy chain (HC, the receptor-binding domain), potentially providing sites for interaction with the positively charged RTP004 peptide. RTP004 bound to BoNT\/A1, but not to human serum albumin (HSA), in both static and dynamic conditions. RTP004, not HSA, enhanced binding of BoNT to artificial membranes and RTP004 dissociated from BoNT under conditions that mimicked physiological conditions of the synaptic vesicle. RTP004 also increased binding of BoNT to the synaptosomal cell membrane and enhanced cleavage of SNAP-25 in a dose-dependent manner. These findings demonstrate that RTP004, not the excipient HSA common in other BoNT\/A1 drug products, enhances binding of BoNT to the cell surface, facilitates internalization of BoNT into the cell, and increases SNAP-25 cleavage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18030134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T12:39:08Z","timestamp":1773146348000},"page":"134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["RTP004 Peptide Binds to Botulinum Neurotoxin, Increases Cell Surface Binding, and Enhances Cellular SNAP-25 Cleavage"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Andre F.","family":"Batista","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Revance, 1222 Demonbreun St Suite 2000, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ratnesh","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revance, 1222 Demonbreun St Suite 2000, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revance, 1222 Demonbreun St Suite 2000, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shaoqiu","family":"Zhuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revance, 1222 Demonbreun St Suite 2000, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dmitri","family":"Leonoudakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revance, 1222 Demonbreun St Suite 2000, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5488-6594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor J.","family":"Gallagher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Revance, 1222 Demonbreun St Suite 2000, Nashville, TN 37203, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-010-0129-z","article-title":"An update on the neurologic applications of botulinum toxins","volume":"10","author":"Evidente","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. 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