{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T06:36:45Z","timestamp":1793860605307,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT\/A) is intramuscularly injected for the treatment of, e.g., spasticity, cervical dystonia or facial lines. Several BoNT\/A products with or without complexing proteins, with non-interchangeable dose units and various duration of effect claims, are approved but hard to compare. The goal of this study was to compare the complexing protein-free approved BoNT\/A products IncobotulinumtoxinA (INCO), DaxibotulinumtoxinA (DAXI) and RelabotulinumtoxinA (RELA) in vitro and in vivo. BoNT\/A protein content per 100 U was lowest in INCO and highest in DAXI (INCO 0.44, RELA 0.46, DAXI 0.58 ng\/100 U). Relative bioactivity of INCO, DAXI and RELA was comparable (116, 104 and 117 U\/100 labeled units). INCO and DAXI caused a maximum mouse digit abduction score (DAS) 2\u20133 days after IM injection of 20 or 40 U\/kg. The DAS after 20 U\/kg INCO was higher and showed a 10 days longer paralysis than DAXI at equivalent dosing. The in vivo spread of DAXI in the mouse gastrocnemius muscle was indistinguishable from that after INCO, and the spread of RELA ex vivo in porcine muscle was larger than INCO but equal to 0.9% NaCl. These results show the differences between 150 kDa botulinum type A toxin products beyond the published claims.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18030142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,16]],"date-time":"2026-03-16T08:41:26Z","timestamp":1773650486000},"page":"142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparative Analytics and Pharmacodynamics of the Complex Protein-Free Botulinum Toxin Type A Formulations DaxibotulinumtoxinA, IncobotulinumtoxinA and RelabotulinumtoxinA"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Honndorf","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"K\u00fchbach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl-Heinz","family":"Eisele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alina","family":"Shokurova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philipp","family":"Buch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Jatzke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harold Victor","family":"Taylor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Fink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merz Therapeutics GmbH, Neurotoxin & Biotechnology Development, Eckenheimer Landstr. 100, 60318 Frankfurt, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"219","article-title":"Structure, activity, and immune (T and B cell) recognition of botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"19","author":"Atassi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. 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