{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T18:01:02Z","timestamp":1792087262525,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFF1104600"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFF1104600"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2022YFF1100801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFF1100801"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Research Institutes","award":["ZX2443"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZX2443"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012246","name":"Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012246","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Type B trichothecenes (B-TCTs), predominant mycotoxins in wheat, threaten human health. However, their contamination profile in China, a major wheat producer, remains unclear. This study analyzed 1337 wheat samples (2022\u20132024) from main production areas using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and deterministic assessment to investigate B-TCTs\u2019 watershed-scale distribution, spatiotemporal variations, associated health risks, and key climatic drivers. Results indicate that deoxynivalenol (DON) and its transformation product DON-3-glucoside (DON-3G) were the predominant contaminants, while nivalenol (NIV) was detected in specific river basins. Although overall exposure was low, elevated risks were identified in certain basins during particular years, especially for young children. DON-3G contributed 23.5% to total DON exposure. Relative humidity (rs = 0.34, p &lt; 0.01), precipitation (rs = 0.37, p &lt; 0.01), and its duration (rs = 0.38, p &lt; 0.01) during the flowering-to-harvest period were identified as critical climatic drivers. The findings highlight the need to include DON-3G in food safety regulations and to develop climate-adapted control strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18030150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:47:42Z","timestamp":1774255662000},"page":"150","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Occurrence, Distribution Characteristics, Risk Assessment, and Climatic Drivers of Type B Trichothecenes and Their Transformation Products in Major Wheat-Producing Areas of China"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jie","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"},{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Di","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Songshan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"},{"name":"College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaomin","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100021, China"},{"name":"School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0555-5545","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Songxue","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5587-3544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leiqing","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9619-4943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jin","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NFSRA Key Laboratory of Grain and Oil Quality and Safety, Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2009.08.002","article-title":"Chemical and Biological Transformations for Detoxification of Trichothecene Mycotoxins in Human and Animal Food Chains: A Review","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2010","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. 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