{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T09:58:20Z","timestamp":1774259900884,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774224000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Japan Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research","award":["18K08890"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K08890"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus) is a widely distributed snake species in Japan. Yamakagashi causes venom-induced consumption coagulopathy (VICC) when the amount of infused venom is high, and bites can be fatal if antivenom treatment is delayed. However, yamakagashi antivenom is an unapproved treatment, and its storage capacity is limited, preventing its prompt administration. Therefore, we investigated the application of commercially available drugs, namely tranexamic acid and antithrombin III, in the treatment of VICC caused by yamakagashi venom in a rat model. Furthermore, we investigated the combination of each drug with recombinant thrombomodulin \u03b1. Administration of tranexamic acid or antithrombin III alone failed to extend rat survival or correct changes in blood coagulation markers, such as prothrombin time, fibrinogen concentrations, and D-dimer levels, in yamakagashi venom-treated rats. However, combined administration of recombinant thrombomodulin \u03b1 and tranexamic acid extended rat survival and partially restored blood coagulation markers. Therefore, the combination of recombinant thrombomodulin \u03b1 and tranexamic acid might represent a useful therapeutic regimen for yamakagashi venom exposure.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18030151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T08:47:42Z","timestamp":1774255662000},"page":"151","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Therapeutic Effects of Single and Combined Anti-Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC) Drugs in a Rat Venom-Induced Consumption Coagulopathy (VICC) Model Using Yamakagashi (Rhabdophis tigrinus) Venom"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9400-1060","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akihiko","family":"Yamamoto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Management Department of Biosafety and Laboratory Animal, and Pathogen Bank, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takashi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences Kumamoto University, Kumamoto 860-8556, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Toru","family":"Hifumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, Kyorin University, Tokyo 181-0004, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.4266\/acc.2019.00591","article-title":"Risk factor, monitoring, and treatment for snakebite induced coagulopathy: A multicenter retrospective study","volume":"34","author":"Jeon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acute Crit. 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