{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T05:14:50Z","timestamp":1787030090265,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774310400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["31960199"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31960199"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32260135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32260135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Jiangxi Province","award":["20232ACB206063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20232ACB206063"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Snakebite envenoming remains a major global health challenge. Naja atra (N. atra) envenomation induces severe acute kidney injury (AKI), largely driven by snake venom phospholipase A2 (SVPLA2). Increasing evidence suggests that immune dysregulation, in addition to direct cytotoxicity, contributes to delayed renal injury. Here, we investigated whether N. atra SVPLA2 exposure is associated with macrophage immunometabolic remodeling and functional changes relevant to AKI progression. In vivo, AKI was induced in C57BL\/6J mice by intraperitoneal administration of N. atra venom, followed by treatment with the SVPLA2 inhibitor varespladib. In vitro, bone marrow\u2013derived macrophages were exposed to venom with or without varespladib. N. atra venom exposure was associated with extensive tubular apoptosis, increased renal macrophage abundance, and elevated kidney injury biomarkers. Macrophages exhibited a shift toward a pro-inflammatory polarization signature accompanied by reduced efferocytic capacity. Targeted metabolomics revealed coordinated increases in glycolytic intermediates together with upregulation of key glycolytic enzymes. Pharmacological inhibition of SVPLA2 partially restored macrophage metabolic features and efferocytic capacity and was accompanied by attenuation of renal injury. Together, these findings support a model in which SVPLA2 exposure is associated with macrophage immunometabolic remodeling and impaired apoptotic cell clearance during venom-induced AKI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18040155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T12:58:59Z","timestamp":1774357139000},"page":"155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Naja atra SVPLA2 Aggravates Acute Kidney Injury Through Metabolic Reprogramming-Dependent Macrophage Polarization and Defective Efferocytosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jiahao","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zejing","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunkun","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiajia","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Bi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Management Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1042-4355","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunhong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Jiangxi Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Afroz, A., Siddiquea, B.N., Chowdhury, H.A., Jackson, T.N., and Watt, A.D. 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