{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:43:46Z","timestamp":1785437026057,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]],"date-time":"2026-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1775174400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K022539\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K022539\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/S025847\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S025847\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_PC_16058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_PC_16058"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P016316\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P016316\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MR\/K022539\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K022539\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03x94j517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MR\/S025847\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/S025847\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03x94j517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MC_PC_16058"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_PC_16058"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03x94j517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["MR\/P016316\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P016316\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03x94j517","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Relief Foundation","award":["PRF 04072019\/Pain"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRF 04072019\/Pain"]}]},{"award":["PRF 04072019\/Pain"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PRF 04072019\/Pain"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/0017mh436","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004440","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["102576\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102576\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["102576\/Z\/13\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102576\/Z\/13\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/029chgv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum neurotoxin injections are used off-label to treat chronic pain, but their efficacy is limited and paralytic effects restrict clinical utility in these applications. Here, we investigated whether combining the light chain and translocation domains of botulinum neurotoxin A (BoNT\/A) with the GM1-binding B subunit of cholera toxin would be beneficial in silencing pain-associated sensory neurons. Chimeric ChoBot was assembled via a coiled-coil linking technology and was shown to retain the enzymatic activity of BoNT\/A in vitro and in vivo. In cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons, ChoBot cleaved SNAP25 in a calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-rich subpopulation of sensory neurons, resulting in marked inhibition of CGRP release. ChoBot had a lesser effect on the compound muscle action potentials of the rat gastrocnemius muscle than BoNT\/A following subcutaneous injections. In rat models of pain, including chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy, intraplantar administration of ChoBot significantly attenuated mechanical allodynia. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed SNAP25 cleavage in NF200- and CGRP-expressing sensory fibres in the epidermis following a single injection. ChoBot also mediated SNAP25 cleavage in human neuroblastoma cells in culture. Together, these findings indicate that ChoBot enables a silencing of pain-associated sensory pathways, providing a new strategy for the development of new long-lasting analgesics for chronic pain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18040174","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:12:33Z","timestamp":1775437953000},"page":"174","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Cholera Toxin-Mediated Targeting of Botulinum Neurotoxin Activity to Pain-Associated Sensory Neurons"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6086-9969","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eve","family":"Corrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Bresnahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciara","family":"Doran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Leese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2651-9428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthew R.","family":"Balmforth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7008-6626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Andreou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Research, Wolfson Sensory, Pain and Regeneration Centre, King\u2019s College London, London SE1 1UL, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aisha","family":"Zhantleuova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty A15E3C7, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5311-1343","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth P.","family":"Seward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael E.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7352-0360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. Bruce","family":"Turnbull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4658-3275","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bazbek","family":"Davletov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK"},{"name":"Department of Biophysics, Biomedicine and Neuroscience, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty A15E3C7, Kazakhstan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.11.013","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in the general population: A systematic review of epidemiological studies","volume":"155","author":"Austin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S127","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001824","article-title":"Neuropathic pain in the community: Prevalence, impact, and risk factors","volume":"161","author":"Smith","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17002","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.2","article-title":"Neuropathic pain","volume":"3","author":"Colloca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00045.2019","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: From mechanisms to treatment","volume":"101","author":"Finnerup","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"7563","article-title":"Genetic characteristics of toxigenic Clostridia and toxin gene evolution","volume":"75","author":"Popoff","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicon"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peck, M.W., Smith, T.J., Anniballi, F., Austin, J.W., Bano, L., Bradshaw, M., Cuervo, P., Cheng, L.W., Derman, Y., and Dorner, B.G. (2017). Historical Perspectives and Guidelines for Botulinum Neurotoxin Subtype Nomenclature. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010038"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/0966-842X(93)90086-7","article-title":"Novel targets and catalytic activities of bacterial protein toxins","volume":"1","author":"Schiavo","year":"1993","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/1799","article-title":"The synaptic SNARE complex is a parallel four-stranded helical bundle","volume":"5","author":"Poirier","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1038\/2338","article-title":"Crystal structure of botulinum neurotoxin type A and implications for toxicity","volume":"5","author":"Lacy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Struct. Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1584","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2009.06093.x","article-title":"Cell entry strategy of clostridial neurotoxins","volume":"109","author":"Binz","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2014.08.017","article-title":"Thioredoxin and its reductase are present on synaptic vesicles, and their inhibition prevents the paralysis induced by botulinum neurotoxins","volume":"8","author":"Pirazzini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23479","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)35863-0","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxins are zinc proteins","volume":"267","author":"Schiavo","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1949.sp004364","article-title":"The action of botulinum toxin on the neuro-muscular junction","volume":"109","author":"Burgen","year":"1949","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/365160a0","article-title":"Botulinum neurotoxin A selectively cleaves the synaptic protein SNAP-25","volume":"365","author":"Blasi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1177\/1756285616677005","article-title":"Botulinum toxin in the management of chronic migraine: Clinical evidence and experience","volume":"10","author":"Escher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Neurol. Disord."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.21427","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A induces direct analgesic effects in chronic neuropathic pain","volume":"64","author":"Ranoux","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000345968.05959.cf","article-title":"Botulinum toxin for diabetic neuropathic pain: A randomized double-blind crossover trial","volume":"72","author":"Yuan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, J., and Park, H.J. (2017). Botulinum Toxin for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9090260"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2003.10.008","article-title":"Subcutaneous administration of botulinum toxin A reduces formalin-induced pain","volume":"107","author":"Cui","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2005.01.017","article-title":"Review of a proposed mechanism for the antinociceptive action of botulinum toxin type A","volume":"26","author":"Aoki","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-410X.2007.07312.x","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A inhibits sensory neuropeptide release in rat bladder models of acute injury and chronic inflammation","volume":"101","author":"Lucioni","year":"2008","journal-title":"BJU Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04007.x","article-title":"Regulation of calcitonin gene-related peptide secretion from trigeminal nerve cells by botulinum toxin type A: Implications for migraine therapy","volume":"44","author":"Durham","year":"2004","journal-title":"Headache"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1995.0456","article-title":"The three-dimensional crystal structure of cholera toxin","volume":"251","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"550","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1995.0455","article-title":"The 2.4 A crystal structure of cholera toxin B subunit pentamer: Choleragenoid","volume":"251","author":"Zhang","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2520","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.72.7.2520","article-title":"Interaction of cholera toxin and membrane GM1 ganglioside of small intestine","volume":"72","author":"Holmgren","year":"1975","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2030310","article-title":"Cholera Toxin: An Intracellular Journey into the Cytosol by Way of the Endoplasmic Reticulum","volume":"2","author":"Wernick","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1128\/iai.16.3.789-795.1977","article-title":"Simple method for purifying choleragenoid, the natural toxoid of Vibrio cholerae","volume":"16","author":"Mekalanos","year":"1977","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90300-3","article-title":"Projections from the hypothalamus and its adjacent areas to the posterior pituitary in the rat","volume":"19","author":"Ju","year":"1986","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903110409","article-title":"Central projections of the sciatic, saphenous, median, and ulnar nerves of the rat demonstrated by transganglionic transport of choleragenoid-HRP (B-HRP) and wheat germ agglutinin-HRP (WGA-HRP)","volume":"311","author":"LaMotte","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01188426","article-title":"Immunocytochemical evidence for the localization of the GM1 ganglioside in carbonic anhydrase-containing and RT 97-immunoreactive rat primary sensory neurons","volume":"18","author":"Robertson","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Neurocytol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(85)90152-6","article-title":"A comparison between wheat germ agglutinin-and choleragenoid-horseradish peroxidase as anterogradely transported markers in central branches of primary sensory neurones in the rat with some observations in the cat","volume":"14","author":"Robertson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18197","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007125107","article-title":"SNARE tagging allows stepwise assembly of a multimodular medicinal toxin","volume":"107","author":"Darios","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhantleuova, A., Leese, C., Andreou, A.P., Karimova, A., Carpenter, G., and Davletov, B. (2024). Recent developments in engineering non-paralytic botulinum molecules for therapeutic applications. Toxins, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins16040175"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3929","DOI":"10.1021\/acssynbio.2c00266","article-title":"Membrane fusion mediated by non-covalent binding of re-engineered cholera toxin assemblies to glycolipids","volume":"11","author":"Wehrum","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rasti, E.S., and Brown, A.C. (2019). Cholera toxin encapsulated within several Vibrio cholerae O1 serotype inaba outer membrane vesicles lacks a functional B-subunit. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11040207"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Salas, E., Wang, J., Molina, Y., Nelson, J.B., Jacky, B.P., and Aoki, K.R. (2012). Botulinum neurotoxin serotype A specific cell-based potency assay to replace the mouse bioassay. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0049516"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2018.09.016","article-title":"Neuropathic pain: Definition, assessment and epidemiology","volume":"175","author":"Bouhassira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.7.1162","article-title":"Risk factors for diabetic peripheral sensory neuropathy. Results of the Seattle Prospective Diabetic Foot Study","volume":"20","author":"Adler","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"9447","article-title":"Postherpetic neuralgia: Epidemiology, pathophysiology, and pain management pharmacology","volume":"2016","author":"Snodgrass","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Multidiscip. Healthc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.09.020","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and predictors of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"155","author":"Seretny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412441721","article-title":"Botulinum toxin type A for the treatment of trigeminal neuralgia: Results from a randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Wu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e31827a72d2","article-title":"Botulinum toxin A in postherpetic neuralgia: A parallel, randomized, double-blind, single-dose, placebocontrolled trial","volume":"29","author":"Apalla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. J. Pain"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.06.004","article-title":"Antinociceptive effect of botulinum toxin A involves alterations in AMPA receptor expression and glutamate release in spinal dorsal horn neurons","volume":"357","author":"Hong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4981","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5490-08.2009","article-title":"Activation of TRPV1 mediates calcitonin gene-related peptide release, which excites trigeminal sensory neurons and is attenuated by a retargeted botulinum toxin with anti-nociceptive potential","volume":"29","author":"Meng","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21226","DOI":"10.1038\/srep21226","article-title":"TNF\u03b1 induces co-trafficking of TRPV1\/TRPA1 in VAMP1-containing vesicles to the plasmalemma via Munc18\u20131\/syntaxin1\/SNAP-25 mediated fusion","volume":"6","author":"Meng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-33570-9_9","article-title":"Persistence of Botulinum neurotoxin inactivation of nerve function","volume":"Volume 364","author":"Shoemaker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Botulinum Neurotoxins"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1045","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000478","article-title":"Nonparalytic botulinum molecules for the control of pain","volume":"157","author":"Mangione","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00967-7","article-title":"Double-binding botulinum molecule with reduced muscle paralysis: Evaluation in in vitro and in vivo models of migraine","volume":"18","author":"Andreou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e202201631","DOI":"10.26508\/lsa.202201631","article-title":"New botulinum neurotoxin constructs for treatment of chronic pain","volume":"6","author":"Leese","year":"2023","journal-title":"Life Sci. Alliance"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eaar7384","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aar7384","article-title":"Selective neuronal silencing using synthetic botulinum molecules alleviates chronic pain in mice","volume":"10","author":"Leese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(91)90087-S","article-title":"Sensory neurons of the rat sciatic nerve","volume":"114","author":"Swett","year":"1991","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"RP92806","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.92806","article-title":"Botulinum toxin intoxication requires retrograde transport and membrane translocation at the ER in RenVM neurons","volume":"12","author":"Yeo","year":"2024","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)01441-1","article-title":"Characterization of a rat model of incisional pain","volume":"64","author":"Brennan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.bioconjchem.1c00373","article-title":"Piggybacking on the cholera toxin: Identification of a CTB-binding protein as an approach for targeted delivery of proteins to motor neurons","volume":"32","author":"Balmforth","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bioconjug. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)00017-X","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of repeated injections of botulinum toxin A in peripheral neuropathic pain (BOTNEP): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Attal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(83)90201-4","article-title":"Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals","volume":"16","author":"Zimmermann","year":"1983","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00363-3","article-title":"A painful peripheral neuropathy in the rat produced by the chemotherapeutic drug, paclitaxel","volume":"94","author":"Polomano","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1933","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.1933","article-title":"Assessment of mechanical allodynia in rats using the electronic von Frey test","volume":"6","author":"Ferrier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Bio Protoc."},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Corrie, E.F. (2021). Investigation of the Novel Retargeted Botulinum Toxin ChoBot for the Treatment of Neuropathic Pain. [Doctoral Dissertation, University of Sheffield]."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/18\/4\/174\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,6]],"date-time":"2026-04-06T01:25:06Z","timestamp":1775438706000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/18\/4\/174"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins18040174"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins18040174","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,3]]}}}