{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:22:22Z","timestamp":1779103342818,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778889600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Botulinum toxin suppresses neurotransmitter release, thereby inhibiting muscle contraction and inducing flaccid paralysis. Botulinum toxin type A (BoNT\/A) is widely used for neuromuscular blockade but, upon repeated administration, may cause long-lasting muscle atrophy, fibrosis, and inflammation. It is produced as a single peptide chain that becomes activated through cleavage into a heavy and light chain. BoNT\/E, like BoNT\/A, is produced as a single-chain polypeptide and requires cleavage to generate the active dichain form. Although BoNT\/E is known to have a faster onset and shorter duration of action compared with BoNT\/A, its efficacy and safety have not been thoroughly investigated. We compared BoNT\/E and BoNT\/A in SKH-1 hairless mice. Neuromuscular blockade, recovery pattern, and changes in muscle weight, volume, fiber size, fibrosis, mast cell infiltration, and diffusion to adjacent muscles were evaluated over time. BoNT\/E induced maximal neuromuscular blockade on day 3 and fully recovered by day 35, whereas BoNT\/A reached maximal effect on day 7 and showed only 20% recovery of the vehicle group by day 35. BoNT\/E caused transient, dose-dependent reductions in muscle weight, volume, fiber size, and fibrosis, which largely normalized by day 35. In contrast, BoNT\/A, administered at a dose of 0.5 U per injection site, induced persistent muscle atrophy, fibrosis, and significantly increased mast cell infiltration under the experimental conditions used in this study. Neither BoNT\/E nor BoNT\/A showed diffusion to adjacent muscles or changes in body weight. These findings suggest that BoNT\/E provides rapid onset, short duration, and favorable safety, supporting its potential as an alternative therapeutic option for indications requiring temporary muscle relaxation with minimized long-term adverse effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18050231","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T10:25:16Z","timestamp":1779099916000},"page":"231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["In Vivo Model of Short-Term Efficacy and Favorable Safety of Botulinum Toxin Type E Compared with Type A"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Jeong-Sun","family":"Nam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"JETEMA, Global 225-12, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13494, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5454-0159","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daewon","family":"Yoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1247-2887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yujin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3251-5813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Su-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jae-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JETEMA, Global 225-12, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13494, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoonkyoung","family":"Cha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JETEMA, Global 225-12, Pangyoyeok-ro, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13494, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joon","family":"Seok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beom Joon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06973, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/S0966-842X(03)00210-5","article-title":"The journey of tetanus and botulinum neurotoxins in neurons","volume":"11","author":"Lalli","year":"2003","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s10928-008-9087-3","article-title":"Onset dynamics of type A botulinum neurotoxin-induced paralysis","volume":"35","author":"Lebeda","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. 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