{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,12]],"date-time":"2026-11-12T04:16:07Z","timestamp":1794456967138,"version":"4.9.1"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["42576136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42576136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["42576136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42576136"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Basic Medical Research Incubation Program of Naval Medical University","award":["2024MS001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024MS001"]}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Supervisor Training Program of Naval Medical University","award":["2025-HS17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025-HS17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The accurate and sensitive detection of toxin contamination remains a pressing challenge for food safety, environmental integrity, and public health, because conventional analytical methods suffer from high costs, poor field stability, and inadequate sensitivity for trace-level emerging contaminants. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of biosensor technologies for toxin detection, with a dedicated focus on nucleic acid aptamers and SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment) technology. We systematically categorize nine SELEX variants developed for toxin detection, covering target-immobilized, library-immobilized, non-immobilized, cell-based, and high-throughput platforms, with an emphasis on their selection principles, applicability, and limitations. This review discusses computationally assisted aptamer discovery (e.g., AI-based sequence generation and molecular docking) as well as experimental post-SELEX optimization strategies such as cyclization, multivalent assembly, and structure-switching design. We then discuss key challenges and future perspectives, highlighting the shift from method-oriented to demand-oriented aptamer development through integrated SELEX strategies and AI-assisted design. Overall, this review covers mainstream SELEX technologies, aptamer selection, computational design, experimental optimization, and sensor integration to serve as a reference for next-generation toxin detection applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18070293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:34:11Z","timestamp":1783071251000},"page":"293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["SELEX-Based Aptamer Technologies for Toxin Analysis: Screening, Optimization, and Computational Assisted Design"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Xinrui","family":"Shang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Student Team, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4279-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengming","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Student Team, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-9384-1256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huiyun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Student Team, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lianghua","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-9185-4024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mingjuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biosafety Defense (Naval Medical University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200433, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.marpolbul.2025.117798","article-title":"Environmental factors driving microcystin contamination of estuarine bivalve populations downstream of freshwater cyanobacterial blooms","volume":"214","author":"Wallace","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mar. 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