{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T04:45:45Z","timestamp":1785818745152,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000066","name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R01ES033999-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01ES033999-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000066","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["1R01ES033999-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01ES033999-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00j4k1h63","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"US Fulbright Fellowship"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Decentralized agricultural systems (DAS) are essential to food security for millions of people in low-resource settings, yet most existing contaminant monitoring frameworks have been designed for centralized supply chains. This paper proposes a structured framework for integrating contaminant monitoring into DAS by (1) mapping the diverse supply chain structures and stakeholders that constitute these systems; (2) analyzing stakeholder motivations, constraints, and value propositions for monitoring adoption; and (3) identifying efficient monitoring points where these value propositions align with product quality improvement. The framework is organized around four core principles: tiered monitoring matched to supply chain position and stakeholder capacity, monitoring at stakeholder handoff points rather than within individual segments, incentive structures that make monitoring self-sustaining, and capacity building and governance as durable infrastructure. The framework is illustrated through the case of maize and aflatoxin contamination in Guatemala. It remains a conceptual framework, however, and its principles are intended to be generalizable across crops, contaminants, and geographies rather than demonstrated to be so. Empirical validation across these dimensions remains a necessary next step. The central argument is that through this framework, small, strategically placed incentives at high-leverage points in decentralized supply chains can shift system-wide quality outcomes. This can occur without requiring top-down regulatory enforcement, which is often neither feasible nor effective in these contexts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18080335","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T08:04:59Z","timestamp":1785744299000},"page":"335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Framework for Monitoring Contaminants in Decentralized Agricultural Systems: Leveraging Stakeholder Incentives in Low-Resource Settings"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9541-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee E.","family":"Voth-Gaeddert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu\u2019 Kawoq|Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Chimaltenango 04006, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-7625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hannah","family":"Glesener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biodesign Center for Health Through Microbiomes, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"},{"name":"School for Engineering of Matter, Transport, and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Montenegro-Bethancourt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Indigenous Health Research, Wuqu\u2019 Kawoq|Maya Health Alliance, Tecpan, Chimaltenango 04006, Guatemala"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.9302","article-title":"Workgroup Report: Public Health Strategies for Reducing Aflatoxin Exposure in Developing Countries","volume":"114","author":"Strosnider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. 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