{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T15:13:50Z","timestamp":1786115630746,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32230013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32230013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["32230013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32230013"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut microbiota and its metabolic functions are critical for intestinal homeostasis, but their integrated responses to diarrhea remain poorly understood in non-model mammals, such as the complex-toothed flying squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes). Here, we collected fecal samples from six captive animals with diarrhea and six healthy controls; the diarrheal animals had been provided with moldy corn, but mycotoxin levels were not measured. Fecal microbiota was profiled by full-length 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics with integrative analyses. Diarrheal animals showed significantly decreased fecal microbial alpha-diversity and distinct community separation. LEfSe analysis identified Lawsonia intracellularis and Streptococcus macedonicus as the most enriched taxa in the diarrhea group. Untargeted metabolomics revealed 2216 differential metabolites (1931 downregulated), primarily enriched in steroid hormone biosynthesis, arachidonic acid metabolism, and bile secretion pathways. Procrustes and Mantel tests confirmed significant microbiome\u2013metabolome concordance (M2 = 0.422, p &lt; 0.001). Spearman correlation networks showed that L. intracellularis was positively correlated with multiple differential metabolites, while S. macedonicus exhibited predominantly negative correlations. These findings suggest that diarrhea in T. xanthipes may be associated with moldy corn exposure and is accompanied by gut dysbiosis and metabolic disturbances. L. intracellularis and S. macedonicus may be associated with disease progression through pathways linked to lipid and bile acid metabolism and inflammation. This study provides novel microbial\u2013metabolic insights into diarrhea in a medicinal mammal, supporting disease prevention and healthy breeding.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18080340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T15:51:23Z","timestamp":1785772283000},"page":"340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrated Gut Microbiota and Metabolome Analysis Reveals Dysbiosis and Metabolic Disturbances in Diarrhea of the Complex-Toothed Flying Squirrel (Trogopterus xanthipes): Possible Mycotoxin-Induction?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Lifeng","family":"Che","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 7010032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bichen","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 7010032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Suo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 7010032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3047-1474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Qinling Ecological Security, Shaanxi Institute of Zoology, Xi\u2019an 7010032, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2009.11.006","article-title":"Two new isopimarane diterpenes from the feces of Trogopterus xanthipes","volume":"81","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"1404","article-title":"Herbal Textual Research on Faeces Trogopterori in Chinese Classical Prescriptions","volume":"22","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mod. Chin. Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2010.482057","article-title":"Antithrombotic flavonoids from the faeces of Trogopterus xanthipes","volume":"24","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1021\/np900814s","article-title":"Diterpenoids from the feces of Trogopterus xanthipes","volume":"73","author":"Zhao","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7809","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-64801-y","article-title":"Body-size Scaling is Related to Gut Microbial Diversity, Metabolism and Dietary Niche of Arboreal Folivorous Flying Squirrels","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Ma, Y. (2024). The Role of Gut Microbiota in Dietary Transition of Juvenile Trogopterus xanthipes. [Master\u2019s Thesis, Northwest A&F University]."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1223813","article-title":"Host-Gut Microbiota Metabolic Interactions","volume":"336","author":"Nicholson","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2611545","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2025.2611545","article-title":"The gut microbiota and host immunity synergistically orchestrate colonization resistance","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2026","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valencia, S., Zuluaga, M., P\u00e9rez, M.C.F., Quintero, K.F.M., Cort\u00e9s, M.S.C., and Robledo, S. (2025). Human Gut Microbiome: A Connecting Organ Between Nutrition, Metabolism, and Health. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202502.1965.v1"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Lu, Q., Tang, Y., Li, Q., Gao, P., Pang, S., Zhang, W., Nie, C., Niu, J., and Ma, X. (2025). Integrated 16S rDNA-Seq and metabolomics reveal seasonal dynamics of gut microbial\u2013SCFA\u2013immune crosstalk in diarrheic calves. Front. Vet. Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2025.1615310"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y., Ma, Y., and Qi, Y. (2025). Potential relationship between gut microbiota and animal diarrhea: A systematic review. Front. Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1637331"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, F., Zhou, M., Li, X., Li, S., Ren, M., and Wang, C. (2024). Macrogenomic and Metabolomic Analyses Reveal Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolites in Diarrhea of Weaned Piglets. Animals, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14162327"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdolmaleky, H.M., and Zhou, J.R. (2024). Gut Microbiota Dysbiosis, Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Epigenetic Alterations in Metabolic Diseases. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13080985"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-024-02307-2","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal microbiota mediate amino acid metabolism involved in the gastrointestinal adaptability to cold and humid environmental stress in mice","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Factories"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"2335","article-title":"Diversity of microbiota composition of traditional Chinese medicine of Faeces Trogopterori from Shangluo, Shanxi province by sequence of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene","volume":"54","author":"Hu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71687","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202503607RR","article-title":"The Gut-Liver Axis in Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease: From Mechanistic Insights to Precision Therapeutics","volume":"40","author":"Zhu","year":"2026","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-025-01273-y","article-title":"Prevotella copri alleviates diarrhea in weaning piglets through gut microbiota modulation and arachidonic acid\u2013AHR\u2013NRF2 pathway activation","volume":"16","author":"Lan","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00582-23","DOI":"10.1128\/msystems.00582-23","article-title":"Metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the role of gut microbiome-associated metabolites in diarrhea calves","volume":"8","author":"Shi","year":"2023","journal-title":"mSystems"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3828249","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/3828249","article-title":"Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid Crosstalk in Diarrhea-Irritable Bowel Syndrome","volume":"2020","author":"Zhan","year":"2020","journal-title":"BioMed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2022.107159","article-title":"Non-targeted metabolomics and associations with per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in humans: A scoping review","volume":"162","author":"Guo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xia, D., Mo, Q., Yang, L., and Wang, W. (2022). Crosstalk between Mycotoxins and Intestinal Microbiota and the Alleviation Approach via Microorganisms. Toxins, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins14120859"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131172","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2023.131172","article-title":"Mycotoxin deoxynivalenol-induced intestinal flora disorders, dysfunction and organ damage in broilers and pigs","volume":"451","author":"Jia","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2023.122302","article-title":"Metabolomics study reveals increased deoxycholic acid contributes to deoxynivalenol-mediated intestinal barrier injury","volume":"336","author":"He","year":"2024","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"3418","article-title":"Effects of Aflatoxin B1 Individual, Binary or Tertiary Mixed with Ochratoxin A and Zearalenone on Intestinal Microorganism of Dairy Goat","volume":"44","author":"Fan","year":"2017","journal-title":"China Anim. Husb. Vet. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariela, S. (2020). Streptococcus suis Research: Progress and Challenges. Pathogens, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9090707"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2617460","DOI":"10.1080\/01652176.2026.2617460","article-title":"Microbiota-bile acid-host axis dysregulation drives enteropathogenesis in Escherichia coli K99-induced neonatal calf diarrhea","volume":"46","author":"Gao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Vet. Q."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01021-18","DOI":"10.1128\/mra.01021-18","article-title":"Draft genome sequences of Lawsonia intracellularis swine strains causing proliferative enteropathy in Japan","volume":"7","author":"Nishikawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiol. Resour. Announc."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2013.06.017","article-title":"Lawsonia intracellularis infection and proliferative enteropathy in foals","volume":"167","author":"Pusterla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2016.11.274","article-title":"Proliferative Enteropathy caused by Lawsonia intracellularis in Chickens","volume":"156","author":"Ohta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Comp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yong, Y.J. (2023). Prevalence and associated risk factors for Lawsonia intracellularis infection in farmed rabbits: A serological and molecular cross-sectional study in South Korea. Front. Vet. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1058113"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J.M., Seo, M.J., and Yeh, J.Y. (2017). Lawsonia intracellularis in the feces of wild rodents and stray cats captured around equine farms. BMC Vet. Res., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-017-1155-8"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tvjl.2012.04.012","article-title":"Further investigation of exposure to Lawsonia intracellularis in wild and feral animals captured on horse properties with equine proliferative enteropathy","volume":"194","author":"Pusterla","year":"2012","journal-title":"Vet. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-39.2.407","article-title":"Lawsonia intracellularis in Wild Mammals in the Slovak Carpathians","volume":"39","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Wildl. Dis."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s42523-025-00501-0","article-title":"Lawsonia intracellularis infection induces changes in microbial community function and composition associated with reduced pig growth and feed efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Helm","year":"2026","journal-title":"Anim. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092412-155618","article-title":"Biomass Utilization by Gut Microbiomes","volume":"68","author":"White","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2024.108308","article-title":"Rumen microbes, enzymes, metabolisms, and application in lignocellulosic waste conversion\u2014A comprehensive review","volume":"71","author":"Liang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, X., Li, X., Mi, N., Wu, Y., Wu, J., Chen, H., and Liu, D. (2026). Early-Life Diarrhea Disrupts Antioxidant\u2013Immune Homeostasis and Gut Microbiota in Suckling Calves. Biology, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology15060450"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Q.L., Huang, X.Y., Zhao, S.G., Sun, W.Y., Yan, Z.Q., Wang, P.F., Li, S.G., Huang, W.Z., Zhang, S.W., and Liu, L.X. (2017). Structure and Function of the Fecal Microbiota in Diarrheic Neonatal Piglets. Front. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00502"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02291-8","article-title":"Integrated meta-omics reveals AFB1 dose-dependent remodeling of the rumen microbiome-virome-metabolome axis driving metabolic impairment in goats","volume":"14","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yanan, G., Lu, M., Huimin, L., Jiaqi, W., and Nan, Z. (2020). The Compromised Intestinal Barrier Induced by Mycotoxins. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12100619"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"10415","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1-induced testosterone biosynthesis disorder via the ROS\/AMPK signaling pathway in male mice","volume":"72","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.12.027","article-title":"Aflatoxin B1 disrupts the androgen biosynthetic pathway in rat Leydig cells","volume":"65","author":"Adedara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G539","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.2001.280.4.G539","article-title":"Endogenous corticosteroids modulate Clostridium difficiletoxin A-induced enteritis in rats","volume":"280","author":"Castagliuolo","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1093\/ibd\/izac280","article-title":"Early life stress in mice leads to impaired colonic corticosterone production and prolonged inflammation following induction of colitis","volume":"29","author":"Muir","year":"2023","journal-title":"Inflamm. Bowel Dis."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3385","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-017-4753-1","article-title":"The Role and Regulation of the 11 Beta-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Enzyme System in Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease","volume":"62","author":"Hussey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25203","DOI":"10.1038\/srep25203","article-title":"The arachidonic acid metabolite 11\u03b2-ProstaglandinF2\u03b1 controls intestinal epithelial healing: Deficiency in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"6","author":"Coquenlorge","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabn4876","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.abn4876","article-title":"Not just \u201cleuko\u201d after all: Epithelial leukotriene production in type 2 immunity","volume":"7","author":"Henkel","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-022-03256-8","article-title":"Exposure to the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol reduces the transport of conjugated bile acids by intestinal Caco-2 cells","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2015.10.007","article-title":"Modulation of the xenobiotic transformation system and inflammatory response by ochratoxin A exposure using a co-culture system of Caco-2 and HepG2 cells","volume":"86","author":"Sanchis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3101","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5c15463","article-title":"PTEN\/PI3K\/AKT Axis Mediates Aflatoxin B1-Induced Intestinal Injury via Dual Regulation of Apoptosis and Necroptosis in Jejunal Epithelial Cells","volume":"74","author":"Sun","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106092","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rvsc.2026.106092","article-title":"Integrating multi-omics to characterize the dynamics of rumen microorganisms and metabolites in Angus cattle at different growth stages","volume":"203","author":"Xue","year":"2026","journal-title":"Res. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-024-02010-9","article-title":"Core microbe Bifidobacterium in the hindgut of calves improves the growth phenotype of young hosts by regulating microbial functions and host metabolism","volume":"13","author":"Zhuang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"3371","article-title":"Research Progress on Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Wu Lingzhi","volume":"47","author":"Yang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Chin. Tradit. Pat. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.3762\/bjoc.10.313","article-title":"Trogopterins A-C: Three new neolignans from feces of Trogopterus xanthipes","volume":"10","author":"Soyoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Beilstein J. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02703339","article-title":"An overview of the non-mevalonate pathway for terpenoid biosynthesis in plants","volume":"28","author":"Dubey","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.2.697-703.1991","article-title":"16S ribosomal DNA amplification for phylogenetic study","volume":"173","author":"Weisburg","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101499","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101499","article-title":"Circulating microbiome DNA as biomarkers for early diagnosis and recurrence of lung cancer","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: High-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7537","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01541-09","article-title":"Introducing mothur: Open-source, platform-independent, community-supported software for describing and comparing microbial communities","volume":"75","author":"Schloss","year":"2009","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e217","DOI":"10.1002\/imt2.217","article-title":"Majorbio Cloud 2024: Update single-cell and multiomics workflows","volume":"3","author":"Han","year":"2024","journal-title":"iMeta"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2842","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-47075-0","article-title":"A commensal protozoan attenuates Clostridioides difficile pathogenesis in mice via arginine-ornithine metabolism and host intestinal immune response","volume":"15","author":"Yang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/18\/8\/340\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,6]],"date-time":"2026-08-06T04:42:32Z","timestamp":1785991352000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/18\/8\/340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins18080340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins18080340","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]}}}