{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T11:27:21Z","timestamp":1787225241423,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Henan Key Research and Development Project","award":["241111113700"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241111113700"]}]},{"name":"Henan \u201cVice-Chief Scientist\u201d Program","award":["HNFZ20240320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNFZ20240320"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deoxynivalenol (DON) and patulin (PAT) are common mycotoxins in cereals and fruits, posing health risks for animals and human beings. In order to study their liver toxicity, 24 mice were randomly assigned to four groups, with six replicates in each group (one mouse per cage). The mice were intragastrically administered with DON, PAT, DON + PAT (DP), or without DON and PAT (the control group) for 28 days, respectively. The results showed that body weight gain was significantly reduced by all toxin treatments, compared with the control group, and the lowest body weight gain was observed in the DP group. Histopathology revealed that hepatocyte damage and inflammatory infiltration were more serious in the DP group, exhibiting the highest mRNA abundances of MyD88, IFN-\u03b3, and JAK2. The severity of hepatocyte apoptosis induced in each group followed the order: DON &gt; DP &gt; PAT; the severity of oxidative stress was ranked as DP &gt; DON &gt; PAT. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that numerous differentially expressed genes were regulated by DP treatment, which were mainly enriched in the MAPK, JAK-STAT, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-\u03b2 signaling pathways. In conclusion, individual exposure to DON or PAT triggered hepatic injury, and their co-exposure further exacerbated liver damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18080355","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T10:55:18Z","timestamp":1787223318000},"page":"355","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Combined Exposure to Deoxynivalenol and Patulin Aggravates Liver Injury in Mice via Triggering Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Qingqing","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zenghao","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianglong","family":"Dai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0772-8470","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maolong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henan Delin Biological Product Co., Ltd., Xinxiang 453000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qingqiang","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoyu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6817-5550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chaoqi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2024.e28361","article-title":"A comprehensive review of mycotoxins: Toxicology, detection, and effective mitigation approaches","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1080\/10408390500436185","article-title":"Strategies to prevent mycotoxin contamination of food and animal feed: A review","volume":"46","author":"Kabak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Crit. 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