{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:29:01Z","timestamp":1787646541939,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":133,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Barley grain provides an ecological niche in which fungal microorganisms can develop. The presence of mycotoxigenic genera can result in the accumulation of fungal secondary metabolites. The present study aims to survey barley grain samples collected from Northern and Central Italy by assessing: (1) the presence of fungal microorganisms using high-throughput sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer region; (2) the presence and quantification, by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR), of the main Fusarium species associated with Fusarium head blight; and (3) the presence and quantification of secondary metabolites produced by Fusarium and Alternaria using liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry. Both potentially pathogenic genera (mainly within the Ascomycota division) and non-pathogenic genera (within both Ascomycota and Basidiomycota divisions) were detected. Alternaria and Cryptococcus were the dominant genera within Ascomycota and Basidiomycota divisions, respectively, in both macro-areas. Some genera, such as Aureobasidium and Cryptococcus, showed interesting negative correlations with several pathogenic genera. Two important mycotoxigenic genera (Alternaria and Fusarium) were detected, with RT-qPCR that revealed the predominance of Fusarium graminearum in the Northern macro-area. Fusarium secondary metabolites exhibited generally higher accumulation in the North, whereas Alternaria secondary metabolites were more evenly distributed across Italy, reflecting the abundance of the two genera. The co-occurrence of Fusarium and Alternaria secondary metabolites within single barley grain samples was also observed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18090363","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:00:48Z","timestamp":1787644848000},"page":"363","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["High-Throughput Sequencing Study of the Mycobiota of Barley Grain Collected in Northern and Central Italy and Accumulation of Fungal Secondary Metabolites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4568-6160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Covarelli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9227-9023","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Beccari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-7870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio","family":"Balducci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5598-1200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ida","family":"Karlsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Persson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hanna","family":"Friberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3302-0732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Sulyok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Bioanalytics and Agro-Metabolomics, BOKU University, 3430 Tulln, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7221-7271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Prodi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Bologna, 40127 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9891-6425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Montanari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Cereal and Industrial Crops, 40128 Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6427-8234","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Tini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, 06121 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2025, June 23). FAOSTAT. Available online: www.fao.org\/faostat."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2022.103430","article-title":"Genetic basis of barley contributions to beer flavor","volume":"104","author":"Bettenhausen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-017-2669-6","article-title":"Hulless barley as a promising spore source to improve the nutritional quality of wheat products","volume":"54","author":"Narwal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Comby, M., Lacoste, S., Baillieul, F., Profizi, C., and Dupont, J. (2016). Spatial and temporal variation of cultivable communities of co-occurring endophytes and pathogens in wheat. Front. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00403"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Babalola, O.O., Fadiji, A.E., Enagbonma, B.J., Alori, E.T., Ayilara, M.S., and Ayangbenro, A.S. (2020). The nexus between plant and plant microbiome: Revelation of the networking strategies. Front. Microbiol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.548037"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.21603\/2308-4057-2020-2-286-297","article-title":"Fungal microbiome of barley grain revealed by NGS and mycological analysis","volume":"8","author":"Kazartsev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Foods Raw Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3299","DOI":"10.1111\/1462-2920.14530","article-title":"Endophytes from wild cereals protect wheat plants from drought by alteration of physiological responses of the plants to water stress","volume":"21","author":"Llorens","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"Seckbach, J., and Grube, M. (2016). Adaptation and survival of plants in high stress habitats via fungal endophyte conferred stress tolerance. Symbioses and Stress, Springer."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170641","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2017.0641","article-title":"Exposure to the leaf litter microbiome of healthy adults protects seedlings from pathogen damage","volume":"284","author":"Christian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. B"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-015-2529-y","article-title":"Endophyte community composition is associated with dieback occurrence in an invasive tree","volume":"405","author":"Steinrucken","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fcr.2012.04.014","article-title":"Efficacy of biocontrol yeasts combined with calcium silicate or sulphur for controlling durum wheat powdery mildew and increasing grain yield components","volume":"134","author":"Lima","year":"2012","journal-title":"Field Crop Res."},{"key":"ref_12","first-page":"151","article-title":"Endophytic fungal communities of ancient wheat varieties","volume":"58","author":"Casini","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspr.2024.102321","article-title":"Impact of storage time on microbial communities and flavor profiles in highland barley grains","volume":"107","author":"Hu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Stored Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, D., Lou, Y., Jiang, X., Zhang, D., and Liu, J. (2022). Fungal diversity in barley under different storage conditions. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.895975"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12223-022-00958-5","article-title":"Analysis of seed-associated bacteria and fungi on staple crops using the cultivation and metagenomic approaches","volume":"67","author":"Tkalec","year":"2022","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109059","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109059","article-title":"Investigation of the microbiota associated with ungerminated and germinated Norwegian barley cultivars with focus on lactic acid bacteria","volume":"341","author":"Porcellato","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s40793-021-00389-8","article-title":"The treasure inside barley seeds: Microbial diversity and plant beneficial bacteria","volume":"16","author":"Bziuk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2017.03.009","article-title":"Investigation of the indigenous fungal community populating barley grains: Secretomes and xylanolytic potential","volume":"169","author":"Sultan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2015.08.019","article-title":"The fungal community structure of barley malts from diverse geographical regions correlates with malt quality parameters","volume":"215","author":"Kaur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.36253\/phyto-15998","article-title":"Survey for Pyrenophora teres and Ramularia collo-cygni in barley grain from Italy","volume":"64","author":"Balducci","year":"2025","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Mediterr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tini, F., Covarelli, L., Ricci, G., Balducci, E., Orfei, M., and Beccari, G. (2022). Management of Pyrenophora teres f. teres, the causal agent of net form net blotch of barley, in a two-year field experiment in Central Italy. Pathogens, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11030291"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.03.005","article-title":"Fungal community, Fusarium head blight complex and secondary metabolites associated with malting barley grains harvested in Umbria, Central Italy","volume":"273","author":"Beccari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beccari, G., Prodi, A., Tini, F., Bonciarelli, U., Onofri, A., Oueslati, S., Limayma, M., and Covarelli, L. (2017). Changes in the Fusarium head blight complex of malting barley in a three-year field experiment in Italy. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040120"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4390","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b00702","article-title":"Presence of Fusarium species and other toxigenic fungi in malting barley and multi-mycotoxin analysis by liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry","volume":"64","author":"Beccari","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2016.03.030","article-title":"Geography and agronomical practices drive diversification of the epiphytic mycoflora associated with barley and its malt end product in western Canada","volume":"226","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Agric. Ecosyst. Environ."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1874","DOI":"10.1111\/ppa.13918","article-title":"Impacts of pathogen strain and barley cultivar on Fusarium head blight in barley and during malting","volume":"73","author":"Jayathissa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, I., Persson, P., and Friberg, H. (2021). Fusarium Head Blight from a microbiome perspective. Front. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.628373"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2021.109367","article-title":"Alternaria in malting barley: Characterization and distribution in relation with climatic conditions and barley cultivars","volume":"357","author":"Dinolfo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Masiello, M., Somma, S., Susca, A., Ghionna, V., Logrieco, A.F., Franzoni, M., Ravaglia, S., Meca, G., and Moretti, A. (2020). Molecular identification and mycotoxin production by Alternaria species occurring on durum wheat, showing black point symptoms. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040275"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1556\/CRC.36.2008.4.13","article-title":"Epidemiology and control of seed-borne Drechslera teres on barley","volume":"36","author":"Carmona","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cereal Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_31","unstructured":"European Commission Regulation (EC) (2023). Commission Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 of 25 April 2023 on maximum levels for certain contaminants in food and repealing Regulation (EC) No. 1881\/2006. Off. J. Eur. Union, L119\/103, Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2023\/915\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2024). European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2024\/1022 of 8 April 2024 amending Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 as regards maximum levels of deoxynivalenol in food. Off. J. Eur. Union, 2024\/1022. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1022\/oj\/eng."},{"key":"ref_33","unstructured":"(2024). European Commission Regulation (EC) No. 2024\/1038 of 9 April 2024 amending Regulation (EU) 2023\/915 as regards maximum levels of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in food. Off. J. Eur. Union, 2024\/1038.. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2024\/1038\/oj."},{"key":"ref_34","unstructured":"European Commission Recommendation (EC) (2022). No. 2022\/553 on monitoring the presence of Alternaria toxins in food. Off. J. Eur. Union, L107\/90-92. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reco\/2022\/553\/oj."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"112418","article-title":"Alternaria and Fusarium across malting barley process: A comprehensive study of mycotoxins and quality effects","volume":"191","author":"Dinolfo","year":"2026","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7034","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.6b04847","article-title":"Worldwide occurrence of mycotoxins in cereals and cereal-derived food products: Public health perspectives of their co-occurrence","volume":"65","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beccari, G., Prodi, A., Senatore, M.T., Balmas, V., Tini, F., Onofri, A., Pedini, L., Sulyok, M., Brocca, L., and Covarelli, L. (2020). Cultivation area affects the presence of fungal communities and secondary metabolites in Italian durum wheat grains. Toxins, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12020097"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4503","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.12526","article-title":"Different diagnostic approaches for the characterization of the fungal community and Fusarium species complex composition of Italian durum wheat grain and correlation with secondary metabolite accumulation","volume":"103","author":"Senatore","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02748-15","article-title":"Genus-specific primers for study of Fusarium communities in field samples","volume":"82","author":"Karlsson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humimm.2021.02.012","article-title":"Next-generation sequencing technologies: An overview","volume":"82","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hum. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shi, Y., Cheng, Y., Wang, Y., Zhang, G., Gao, R., Xiang, C., Feng, J., Lou, D., and Liu, Y. (2017). Investigation of the fungal community structures of imported wheat using high-throughput sequencing technology. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171894"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6241","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1117018109","article-title":"Fungal barcoding consortium, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region as a universal DNA barcode marker for fungi","volume":"109","author":"Schoch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"1","article-title":"Metabarcoding of insect-associated fungal communities: A comparison of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and large-subunit (LSU) rRNA markers","volume":"88","author":"Richards","year":"2022","journal-title":"MycoKeys"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2023.101274","article-title":"ITS alchemy: On the use of ITS as a DNA marker in fungal ecology","volume":"65","author":"Kauserud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s42483-023-00199-5","article-title":"High-throughput sequencing in plant disease management: A comprehensive review of benefits, challenges, and future perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Nizamani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytopathol. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"512","article-title":"Role of next-generation sequencing (NGS) in plant disease management: A review","volume":"4","author":"Saeed","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Appl. Res. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soldati, M., and Marchetti, M. (2017). The climate of Italy. In: Landscapes and landforms of Italy. World Geographic Landscapes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-26194-2"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scarpino, V., and Blandino, M. (2021). Effects of durum wheat cultivars with different degrees of FHB susceptibility grown under different meteorological conditions on the contamination of regulated, modified and emerging mycotoxins. Microorganisms, 9.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202101.0610.v1"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.5598\/imafungus.2011.02.01.14","article-title":"The Amsterdam declaration on fungal nomenclature","volume":"2","author":"Hawksworth","year":"2011","journal-title":"IMA Fungus"},{"key":"ref_50","unstructured":"McNeill, J., Barrie, F.R., Buck, W.R., Demoulin, V., Greuter, W., Hawksworth, D.L., Herendeen, P.S., Knapp, S., Marhold, K., and Prado, J. (2012). International Code of Nomenclature for Algae, Fungi, and Plants (Melbourne Code), Koeltz Scientific Books. Regnum Vegetabile 154."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1567-1364.2008.00403.x","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of basidiomycetous yeasts in the Cryptococcus luteolus lineage (Tremellales) based on nuclear rRNA and mitochondrial cytochrome b gene sequence analyses: Proposal of Derxomyces gen. nov. and Hannaella gen. nov., and description of eight novel Derxomyces species","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108694","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2022.108694","article-title":"Environmental controls of soil fungal abundance and diversity in Australia\u2019s diverse ecosystems","volume":"170","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4915","DOI":"10.5194\/bg-20-4915-2023","article-title":"Characteristics of bacterial and fungal communities and their associations with sugar compounds in atmospheric aerosols at a rural site in Northern China","volume":"20","author":"Niu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biogeosciences"},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"22","article-title":"Microflora during malting of barley: Overview and impact on malt quality","volume":"64","author":"Malfliet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brew. Sci."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fel\u0161\u00f6ciov\u00e1, S., Kowalczewski, P.\u0141., Krajcovic, T., Drab, S., and Kacaniova, M. (2021). Effect of long-term storage on mycobiota of barley grain and malt. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10081655"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2022.08.009","article-title":"The dynamics of indigenous epiphytic bacterial and fungal communities of barley grains through the commercial malting process in Western Canada","volume":"5","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Res. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1590\/0100-5405\/219259","article-title":"Viability of seed-borne fungi Alternaria alternata, Bipolaris sorokiniana and Drechslera teres in barley seeds in the south of Brazil","volume":"46","author":"Agostinetto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Summa Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111599","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2025.111599","article-title":"Natural occurrence of Alternaria and Fusarium and their mycotoxins in malting barley grains from Argentina","volume":"449","author":"Manno","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brettr\u00e4ger, M., Becker, T., and Gastl, M. (2022). Screening of mycotoxigenic fungi in barley and barley malt (Hordeum vulgare L.) using real-time PCR: A comparison between molecular diagnostic and culture technique. Foods, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11081149"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109678","article-title":"A comprehensive study on multi-mycotoxin screening, changes of mycotoxin residues and fungal community analysis from barley germination to malt","volume":"372","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Orina, A.S., Gavrilova, O.P., Gogina, N.N., Gannibal, P.B., and Gagkaeva, T.Y. (2021). Natural occurrence of Alternaria fungi and associated mycotoxins in small-grain cereals from the Urals and West Siberian regions of Russia. Toxins, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins13100681"},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"303","article-title":"Atmospheric concentrations of Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria spp. spores in Zagreb (Croatia) and effects of some meteorological factors","volume":"11","author":"Peternel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.NT.11.2017.0247","article-title":"Optical sensing for evaluating the severity of disease caused by Cladosporium sp. in barley under warmer conditions","volume":"34","author":"Oh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plant Pathol. J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-004-6891-5","article-title":"Regional and varietal differences in the risk of wheat seed infection by fungal species associated with Fusarium head blight in Italy","volume":"112","author":"Shah","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2016.1219071","article-title":"Fusarium and mycotoxin spectra in Swiss barley are affected by various cropping techniques","volume":"33","author":"Martin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Add. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.03.023","article-title":"The prevalence and impact of Fusarium head blight pathogens and mycotoxins on malting barley quality in UK","volume":"179","author":"Nielsen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-023-02753-5","article-title":"Understanding the mechanisms underlying biological control of Fusarium diseases in cereals","volume":"167","author":"Petrucci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"545","article-title":"Use of Aureobasidium pullulans to control Fusarium Head Blight on winter wheat ears caused by Fusarium culmorum","volume":"78","author":"Wachowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Commun. Agric. Appl. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1007\/s10526-014-9596-5","article-title":"Antagonistic interactions between Aureobasidium pullulans and Fusarium culmorum, a fungal pathogen of winter wheat","volume":"59","author":"Wachowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"BioControl"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2022.109039","article-title":"The application of antagonistic yeasts and bacteria: An assessment of in vivo and under field conditions pattern of Fusarium mycotoxins in winter wheat grain","volume":"138","author":"Wachowska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rungjindamai, N., and Jones, E.B.G. (2024). Why are there so few Basidiomycota and basal fungi as endophytes? A review. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10010067"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1002\/jib.522","article-title":"The microbiome of Sardinian barley and malt","volume":"124","author":"Bianco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Inst. Brew."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12564","article-title":"Production of folate in oat bran fermentation by yeasts isolated from barley and diverse foods","volume":"117","author":"Korhola","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funeco.2014.06.002","article-title":"Fungal communities in wheat grain show significant co-existence patterns among species","volume":"11","author":"Nicolaisen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Fungal Ecol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karlsson, I., Friberg, H., Steinberg, C., and Persson, P. (2014). Fungicide effects on fungal community composition in the wheat phyllosphere. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0111786"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2024.03.002","article-title":"Cryptococcus neoformans: Plant-microbe interactions and ecology","volume":"32","author":"Burow","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03175125","article-title":"Yeasts colonizing the leaves of fruit trees","volume":"59","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W., and Boekhout, T. (2011). Cryptococcus vuillemin (1901). The Yeasts, Fifth Edition: A Taxonomic Study, Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_79","unstructured":"Kurtzman, C.P., Fell, J.W., and Boekhout, T. (2011). Agriculturally important yeasts: Biological control of field and postharvest diseases using yeast antagonists, and yeasts as pathogens of plants. The Yeasts, Fifth Edition: A Taxonomic Study, Elsevier Science."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1094\/PDIS.2001.85.12.1253","article-title":"Selection and evaluation of microorganisms for biocontrol of Fusarium head blight of wheat incited by Gibberella zeae","volume":"85","author":"Khan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Plant Dis."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S1049-9644(03)00157-9","article-title":"Field testing of antagonists of Fusarium head blight incited by Gibberella zeae","volume":"29","author":"Khan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"80","article-title":"Biological efficiency of Trichoderma asperellum GJS 03-35 and yeast Cryptococcus nadoensis OH 182.9 as biocontrol agents against Fusarium head blight of wheat","volume":"39","author":"Kolombet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mikol. Fitopatol."},{"key":"ref_83","unstructured":"Canty, S., Clark, A., Anderson-Scully, A., Ellis, D., and Sanford, D.V. (2010). 2010 Uniform biological control trials-preliminary results. The 2010 National Fusarium Head Blight Forum, University of Kentucky."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2013.11.011","article-title":"Population dynamics of the Fusarium head blight biocontrol agent Cryptococcus flavescens OH 182.9 on wheat anthers and heads","volume":"70","author":"Schisler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2015.05.018","article-title":"Control of postharvest black rot caused by Alternaria alternata in strawberries by the combination of Cryptococcus laurentii and benzo-(1,2,3)-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester","volume":"90","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biol. Control"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.01.100","article-title":"Effect of Cryptococcus laurentii on inducing disease resistance in cherry tomato fruit with focus on the expression of defense-related genes","volume":"254","author":"Lai","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2012.05.015","article-title":"Control of postharvest radish decay using a Cryptococcus albidus yeast coating formulation","volume":"41","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crop Prot."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-022-01985-y","article-title":"Fungal communities of spring barley from seedling emergence to harvest during severe Puccinia hordei epidemic","volume":"85","author":"Sapkota","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1134","DOI":"10.1111\/nph.13418","article-title":"Host genotype is an important determinant of the cereal phyllosphere mycobiome","volume":"207","author":"Sapkota","year":"2015","journal-title":"New Phytol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"63","article-title":"Egy \u00faj \u00e9leszt\u0151: Dioszegia hungarica nov. gen. et sp","volume":"47","author":"Zsolt","year":"1957","journal-title":"Bot. K\u00f6zlem."},{"key":"ref_91","unstructured":"Lodder, J. (1970). Cryptococcus K\u00fctzing emend. Phaff et Spencer. The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study, North-Holland. [2nd ed.]."},{"key":"ref_92","first-page":"35","article-title":"Molecular phylogeny of the genus Cryptococcus and related species based on the sequences of 18S rDNA and internal transcribed spacer regions","volume":"15","author":"Takashima","year":"1999","journal-title":"Microbiol. Cult. Collect."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.47.75","article-title":"Emendation of Dioszegia with redescription of Dioszegia hungarica and two new combinations, Dioszegia aurantiaca and Dioszegia crocea","volume":"47","author":"Takashima","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Gen. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-007-9216-9","article-title":"Diversity of basidiomycetous phylloplane yeasts belonging to the genus Dioszegia (Tremellales) and description of Dioszegia athyri sp. nov., Dioszegia butyracea sp. nov. and Dioszegia xingshanensis sp. nov","volume":"93","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsyr.2005.05.007","article-title":"Phylloplane yeasts from Portugal: Seven novel anamorphic species in the Tremellales lineage of the Hymenomycetes (Basidiomycota) producing orange-coloured colonies","volume":"5","author":"Portugal","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Yeast Res."},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"1747","article-title":"Dioszegia Zsolt emend. Takashima, De\u00e1k & Nakase (2001)","volume":"Volume 2","author":"Kurtzman","year":"2011","journal-title":"The Yeasts: A Taxonomic Study"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4332","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.002211","article-title":"Description of Dioszegia patagonica sp. nov., a novel carotenogenic yeast isolated from cold environments","volume":"67","author":"Trochine","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simyco.2015.08.001","article-title":"Phylogeny of tremellomycetous yeasts and related dimorphic and filamentous basidiomycetes reconstructed from multiple gene sequence analyses","volume":"81","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Stud. Mycol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.3897\/mycokeys.101.117174","article-title":"Three new Dioszegia species (Bulleribasidiaceae, Tremellales) discovered in the phylloplane in China","volume":"101","author":"Qiao","year":"2024","journal-title":"MycoKeys"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-phyto-080614-120324","article-title":"Leaf rust of cultivated barley: Pathology and control","volume":"53","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Phytopathol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1111\/mpp.12618","article-title":"A review of wheat diseases\u2014A field perspective","volume":"19","author":"Figueroa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2005.00273.x","article-title":"Stem rust of small grains and grasses caused by Puccinia graminis","volume":"6","author":"Leonard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Mol. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70004","DOI":"10.1111\/1758-2229.70004","article-title":"The contribution of beneficial wheat seed fungal communities beyond disease-causing fungi: Advancing heritable mycobiome-based plant breeding","volume":"16","author":"Becker","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furtado, E.B., Guatimosim, E., de Barros, D.R., Mallmann, C.A., de Ara\u00fajo Filho, J.V., Martins, S.O., Tessmann, D.J., Rombaldi, C.V., de Lima Schl\u00f6sser, L.M., and Favaretto, A. (2025). Fusarium Head Blight in barley from subtropical southern Brazil: Associated Fusarium species and grain contamination levels of deoxynivalenol and nivalenol. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14152327"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2023.2250474","article-title":"Quantitative PCR (qPCR) for estimating the presence of Fusarium and its mycotoxins in barley grains","volume":"40","author":"Piacentini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Add. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Valenti, I., Tini, F., Sevarika, M., Agazzi, A., Beccari, G., Bellezza, I., Ederli, L., Grottelli, S., Pasquali, M., and Romani, R. (2023). Impact of enniatin and deoxynivalenol co-occurrence on plant, microbial, insect, animal and human systems: Current knowledge and future perspectives. Toxins, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins15040271"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-018-0311-8","article-title":"Occurrence of deoxynivalenol and zearalenone in brewing barley grains from Brazil","volume":"34","author":"Piacentini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-024-00521-w","article-title":"Mycotoxin occurrence in kernels and straws of wheat and barley","volume":"40","author":"Gozzi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.008","article-title":"Mycotoxin risks under a climate change scenario in Europe","volume":"84","author":"Moretti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70270","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.70270","article-title":"Enniatins mycotoxins in food: A systematic review of global occurrence, biosynthesis and toxicological impacts on in vitro human cell models","volume":"24","author":"Coulet","year":"2025","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2017.08.016","article-title":"Causal agents of Fusarium Head Blight of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) in Central Italy and their in vitro biosynthesis of secondary metabolites","volume":"70","author":"Beccari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/s12550-019-00363-x","article-title":"Fusarium species and enniatin mycotoxins in wheat, durum wheat, triticale and barley harvested in France","volume":"35","author":"Orlando","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mycotoxin Res."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/mlf2.12112","article-title":"Fusarium mycotoxins: The major food contaminants","volume":"3","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"mLife"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ekwomadu, T.I., Akinola, S.A., and Mwanza, M. (2021). Fusarium mycotoxins, their metabolites (free, emerging, and masked), food safety concerns, and health impacts. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182211741"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3489","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2016.1140632","article-title":"Mycotoxins co-contamination: Methodological aspects and biological relevance of combined toxicity studies","volume":"57","author":"Schatzmayr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_116","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Natural occurrence of Alternaria mycotoxins in malting barley grains in the main producing region of Argentina","volume":"100","author":"Pavicich","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Habschied, K., Mastanjevic, K., Babic, J., Krska, R., Sulyok, M., Lalic, A., Simic, G., and Kovac, T. (2024). Co-occurrence of Fusarium and Alternaria metabolites in brewing barley monitored during two consecutive years. Biomolecules, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom14091156"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marin, D.E., Grosu, I.A., Pistol, G.C., Bulgaru, C.V., Pertea, A.M., and Taranu, I. (2024). The combined effect of two Alternaria mycotoxins (alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether) on porcine epithelial intestinal cells. Agriculture, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture14091478"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2675","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-016-1795-7","article-title":"Synergistic estrogenic effects of Fusarium and Alternaria mycotoxins in vitro","volume":"91","author":"Vejdovszky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.10.014","article-title":"Effect of wheat infection timing on Fusarium head blight causal agents and secondary metabolites in grain","volume":"290","author":"Beccari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6941.2012.01437.x","article-title":"New primers to amplify the fungal ITS2 region-evaluation by 454-sequencing of artificial and natural communities","volume":"82","author":"Ihrmark","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_122","unstructured":"Innis, M.A., Gelfand, D.H., Sninsky, J.J., and White, T.J. (1990). Amplification and direct sequencing of fungal ribosomal RNA genes for phylogenetics. PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-3369-3_4","article-title":"Sample preparation for fungal community analysis by high-throughput sequencing of barcode amplicons","volume":"1399","author":"Clemmensen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","unstructured":"Brandstr\u00f6m-Durling, M., Clemmensen, K.E., Stenlid, J., and Lindahl, B. (2021, April 01). SCATA\u2014An Efficient Bioinformatic Pipeline for Species Identification and Quantification After High-Throughput Sequencing of Tagged Amplicons. Available online: https:\/\/scata.mykopat.slu.se."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2769","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.16460","article-title":"Best practices in metabarcoding fungi: From experimental design to results","volume":"31","author":"Tedersoo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Na\u00efve Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6772","article-title":"Fusarium species, chemotype characterisation and trichothecene contamination of durum and soft wheat in an area of Central Italy","volume":"95","author":"Covarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2014.09.009","article-title":"Biosynthesis of beauvericin and enniatins in vitro by wheat Fusarium species and natural grain contamination in an area of Central Italy","volume":"46","author":"Covarelli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2306","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms9112306","article-title":"Upscaled CTAB-based DNA extraction and Real-Time PCR assays for Fusarium culmorum and F. graminearum DNA in plant material with reduced sampling error","volume":"9","author":"Brandfass","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2008.10.016","article-title":"Real-time PCR for quantification of eleven individual Fusarium species in cereals","volume":"76","author":"Nicolaisen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Methods"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2607","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-020-02489-9","article-title":"Validation of an LC-MS\/MS-based dilute-and-shoot approach for the quantification of >500 mycotoxins and other secondary metabolites in food crops: Challenges and solutions","volume":"412","author":"Sulyok","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107919","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodcont.2021.107919","article-title":"Raised concerns about the safety of barley grains and straw: A Swiss survey reveals a high diversity of mycotoxins and other fungal metabolites","volume":"125","author":"Drakopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Control"},{"key":"ref_133","first-page":"43","article-title":"Spreadsheet tools for biometry classes in crop science programs","volume":"9","author":"Onofri","year":"2014","journal-title":"Commun. Biometry Crop Sci."}],"container-title":["Toxins"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/18\/9\/363\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T08:06:51Z","timestamp":1787645211000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-6651\/18\/9\/363"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]},"references-count":133,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["toxins18090363"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/toxins18090363","relation":{},"ISSN":["2072-6651"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2072-6651","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]]}}}