{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T10:45:26Z","timestamp":1789469126915,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789171200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["81774099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774099"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"award":["81774099"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774099"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"Key-Area Research and Development Program of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020B1111110003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020B1111110003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Guangdong Huxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","award":["102017031702v1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["102017031702v1"]}]},{"name":"Guangdong Huxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd.","award":["HT-99982023-0975"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HT-99982023-0975"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vespa basalis Smith venom (VBsV) causes painful and potentially severe systemic reactions, yet the relationships among its composition, bioactivity, and cytotoxicity remain poorly understood. Proteomic and metabolomic profiling was combined with ultrafiltration and gel filtration to characterize VBsV and obtain &gt;3 kDa, operationally defined 700\u20133000 Da, and &lt;700 Da fractions. The effect on LPS-induced NO production was evaluated by nitric oxide (NO) release in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells, and cytotoxicity was assessed in tumor and THLE-2 liver cells. Five venom allergen proteins were identified, including two phospholipase A1 isoforms, hyaluronidase A, antigen 5, and venom dipeptidyl peptidase IV. Targeted profiling also detected several neurotransmitters and energy metabolites, including 5-hydroxytryptamine, L-glutamate, histamine, \u03b3-aminobutyric acid, inosine, and adenosine. The 700\u20133000 Da fraction exhibited the strongest NO-suppressive and tumor-cell-viability effects among the tested fractions. The 700\u20133000 Da fraction suppressed NO release (IC50, approximately 23 \u03bcg\/mL) and reduced tumor-cell viability, while minimally affecting THLE-2 cells at 10\u201380 \u03bcg\/mL; by contrast, the &gt;3 kDa fraction showed greater THLE-2 cytotoxicity. These findings identify the 700\u20133000 Da fraction as a priority for direct compositional characterization and isolation of the responsible molecules.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins18090394","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T10:19:41Z","timestamp":1789381181000},"page":"394","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Composition and In Vitro Activity\u2013Cytotoxicity Profiles of Vespa basalis Venom: Combined Proteomic, Metabolomic, and Molecular-Weight-Fractionated Analyses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"18","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3524-9386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong-Hua","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Production and Research Base for Wasp Deinsectization, Guangdong Huxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529245, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7816-3592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zheng-Xu","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Jing-An","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Production and Research Base for Wasp Deinsectization, Guangdong Huxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529245, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Zheng-Wen","family":"Ou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Production and Research Base for Wasp Deinsectization, Guangdong Huxin Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jiangmen 529245, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3026-6128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hou-Jin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2759-8394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Jian","family":"Lan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Anti-Infective Drug Discovery and Development, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-2760(88)90309-8","article-title":"Purification and characterization of a lethal protein with phospholipase A1 activity from the hornet (Vespa basalis) venom","volume":"963","author":"Ho","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochim. 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