{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T04:38:18Z","timestamp":1760243898205,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":226,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]],"date-time":"2010-03-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Leukocytes are a heterogeneous group of cells that display differences in anatomic localization, cell surface phenotype, and function. The different subtypes include e.g., granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells and NK cells. These different cell types represent the cellular component of innate and adaptive immunity. Using certain toxins such as pertussis toxin, cholera toxin or clostridium difficile toxin, the regulatory functions of G\u03b1i, G\u03b1s and small GTPases of the Rho family in leukocytes have been reported. A summary of these reports is discussed in this review.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040428","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]],"date-time":"2010-03-26T12:24:33Z","timestamp":1269606273000},"page":"428-452","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toxins\u2013Useful Biochemical Tools for Leukocyte Research"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Susana","family":"Cubillos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical School Jena, Erfurter Strasse 35, 07740, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johannes","family":"Norgauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical School Jena, Erfurter Strasse 35, 07740, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katja","family":"Lehmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Medical School Jena, Erfurter Strasse 35, 07740, Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02982714","article-title":"The role of the macrophage in apoptosis: hunter, gatherer, and regulator","volume":"76","author":"Geske","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. 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