{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T13:39:30Z","timestamp":1778593170706,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]],"date-time":"2010-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1270684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Multianalyte microphysiometry, a real-time instrument for simultaneous measurement of metabolic analytes in a microfluidic environment, was used to explore the effects of cholera toxin (CTx). Upon exposure of CTx to PC-12 cells, anaerobic respiration was triggered, measured as increases in acid and lactate production and a decrease in the oxygen uptake. We believe the responses observed are due to a CTx-induced activation of adenylate cyclase, increasing cAMP production and resulting in a switch to anaerobic respiration. Inhibitors (H-89, brefeldin A) and stimulators (forskolin) of cAMP were employed to modulate the CTx-induced cAMP responses. The results of this study show the utility of multianalyte microphysiometry to quantitatively determine the dynamic metabolic effects of toxins and affected pathways.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2040632","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]],"date-time":"2010-04-08T10:49:17Z","timestamp":1270723757000},"page":"632-648","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["The Effects of Cholera Toxin on Cellular Energy Metabolism"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Rachel M.","family":"Snider","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer R.","family":"McKenzie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lewis","family":"Kraft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugene","family":"Kozlov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John P.","family":"Wikswo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA"},{"name":"Departments of Physics, Biomedical Engineering, and Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Cliffel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B. Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA"},{"name":"Vanderbilt Institute for Integrative Biosystems Research and Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37235-1809, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)15328-7","article-title":"Cholera","volume":"363","author":"Sack","year":"2004","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Baron, S. (1996). Medical Microbiology, University of Texas Medical Branch. [4th]."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5043","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00508-07","article-title":"Prolonged Colonization of Mice by Vibrio cholerae El Tor O1 Depends on Accessory Toxins","volume":"75","author":"Olivier","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. 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