{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T16:40:28Z","timestamp":1792168828883,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":111,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1276473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Toxins"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is a significant source of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One major virulence factor released by ETEC is the heat-labile enterotoxin LT, which is structurally and functionally similar to cholera toxin. LT consists of five B subunits carrying a single catalytically active A subunit. LTB binds the monosialoganglioside GM1, the toxin\u2019s host receptor, but interactions with A-type blood sugars and E. coli lipopolysaccharide have also been identified within the past decade. Here, we review the regulation, assembly, and binding properties of the LT B-subunit pentamer and discuss the possible roles of its numerous molecular interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2061445","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]],"date-time":"2010-06-14T11:40:21Z","timestamp":1276515621000},"page":"1445-1470","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Heat-Labile Enterotoxin: Beyond G M1 Binding"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"2","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Mudrak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meta J.","family":"Kuehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01131-06","article-title":"Immune response, ciprofloxacin activity, and gender differences after human experimental challenge by two strains of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli","volume":"75","author":"Coster","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect. 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